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'''Latte art''' is a method of preparing [[coffee]] created by pouring [[microfoam]] into a shot of [[espresso]] and resulting in a pattern or design on the surface of the [[latte]]. It can also be created or embellished by simply "drawing" in the top layer of foam. Latte art is particularly difficult to create consistently, due to the demanding conditions required of both the espresso shot and milk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://coffeegeek.com/guides/frothingguide/latteartguide|title=Latte Art Guide|last=Imam|first=Febri|publisher=CoffeeGeek|access-date=2011-10-26}}</ref> This, in turn, is limited by the experience of the [[barista]] and quality of the [[espresso machine]]. The pour itself, then, becomes the last challenge for the latte artist. The term is not limited to latte coffee but also applies to other beverages containing milk foam, such as [[cappuccino]] and [[hot chocolate]].▼
[[File:Latte art "Rosetta".jpg|thumb|Latte art "Rosetta" pattern]]
[[File:Swan latte art.jpg|alt=Swan latte art. Served in the Mojo Beanery, Wellington, New Zealand.|thumb|Swan latte art. Served in the Mojo Beanery, Wellington, New Zealand.]]▼
▲'''Latte art''' is a method of preparing [[coffee]] created by pouring [[microfoam]] into a shot of [[espresso]] and resulting in a pattern or design on the surface of the [[latte]]. It can also be created or embellished by simply "drawing" in the top layer of foam. Latte art is particularly difficult to create consistently, due to the demanding conditions required of both the espresso shot and milk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://coffeegeek.com/guides/frothingguide/latteartguide|title=Latte Art Guide|last=Imam|first=Febri|publisher=CoffeeGeek|access-date=2011-10-26|archive-date=2011-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110802194807/http://coffeegeek.com/guides/frothingguide/latteartguide|url-status=dead}}</ref> This, in turn, is limited by the experience of the [[barista]] and quality of the [[espresso machine]]
== History ==
Latte art developed independently in different countries, following the introduction of espresso and the development of [[microfoam]], the combination of crema (which is an emulsion of coffee oil and brewed coffee) and microfoam allowing the pattern; it presumably was initially developed in [[Coffee in Italy|Italy]].<ref group="note">[[David Schomer]] {{Harv|Schomer|1994}} describes pitcher-shaking in latte art as "quite standard in the world of Italian espresso preparation", indicating that it was well established in Italy by this time.</ref>▼
▲Latte art developed independently in different countries, following the introduction of espresso and the development of [[microfoam]], the combination of crema (which is an emulsion of coffee oil and brewed coffee) and microfoam allowing the pattern; it presumably was initially developed in Italy.<ref group="note">[[David Schomer]] {{Harv|Schomer|1994}} describes pitcher-shaking in latte art as "quite standard in the world of Italian espresso preparation", indicating that it was well established in Italy by this time.</ref>
In the United States, latte art was developed in [[Coffee in Seattle|Seattle]] in the 1980s and 1990s, and particularly popularized by [[David Schomer]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bonné |first=Jon |author-link=Jon Bonné |date=May 9, 2003 |title=Meet espresso's exacting master — Food Inc |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/3072720/ns/business-us_business/t/meet-espressos-exacting-master/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017031734/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/3072720/ns/business-
Simultaneously, in Italy, Caffe Musetti's Luigi Lupi had a significant impact on the popularization of latte art through instructional videos.<ref>{{Citation |title=Latte art productions by Luigi Lupi (Caffé Musetti) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yCytmfNIlEM |language=en |access-date=2022-11-04}}</ref> Lupi and Schomer collaborated on latte art to improve their technique after meeting online in the late 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Porte |first=Café |date=2021-09-24 |title=History of Latte Art or Decorated Cappuccino |url=https://en.porte.coffee/post/history-of-latte-art-or-decorated-cappuccino |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=Porte |language=en}}</ref> Lupi and his refined latte art rose to international recognition during the 2002 Barista World Championship, where he placed 4th.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luigi Lupi |url=https://www.revistaforumcafe.com/luigi-lupi |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=Revista Fórum Café |language=en-US}}</ref>
== Chemistry ==
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Latte art requires first producing espresso with [[crema (coffee)|crema]] and [[microfoam]], and then combining these to make latte art. See [[Microfoam#Procedure|microfoam: procedure]] for how microfoam is made; this article concentrates on the latte art once the foam is made.
Before the milk is added, the espresso shot must have a creamy brown surface, an emulsion known as crema. As the white foam from the milk rises to meet the red/brown surface of the shot, a [[Contrast (vision)|contrast]] is created and the design emerges. As the milk is poured, the foam separates from the liquid and rises to the top. If the milk and espresso shot are "just right", and the pitcher is moved during the pour, the foam will rise to create a pattern on the surface. Alternatively, a pattern may be etched with a stick after the milk has been poured, rather than during the pour.
Some controversy exists within the coffee community as to whether or not there is excessive focus on latte art amongst baristas. The argument is that too much focus on the [[wiktionary:superficial|superficial]] appearance of a drink leads some to ignore more important issues, such as taste.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://coffeegeek.com/opinions/showreports/05-05-2008/20:05 |title=Anti Latte Art |publisher=CoffeeGeek |access-date=2011-10-26}}</ref> This is especially relevant with new baristas.
== Notes ==
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▲[[File:Swan latte art.jpg|alt=Swan latte art. Served in the Mojo Beanery, Wellington, New Zealand.|thumb|Swan latte art. Served in the Mojo Beanery, Wellington, New Zealand.]]
{{coffee|nocat=1}}
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