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[[File:Noongar1.jpg|thumb|300px|Noongar groups]]
The '''Noongar''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ʊ|ŋ|ɑr}}, also spelt '''Noongah''', '''Nyungar''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|j|ʊ|ŋ|ɑr}}, '''Nyoongar''', '''Nyoongah''', '''Nyungah''', '''Nyugah''', and '''Yunga'''{{sfn|SWAL&SC}} {{IPAc-en|ˈ|j|ʊ|ŋ|ɑː}}) are [[Aboriginal Australian]]
The members of the collective Noongar [[cultural bloc]] descend from
==Name==
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==Language==
{{Main|Noongar language}}
At the time of European settlement, it is believed that the peoples of what became the Noongar community spoke thirteen dialects, of which five still have speakers with some
==Ecological context==
The Noongar peoples have six [[season]]s whose time frame is defined by specific observable changes to the environment, with a dry period varying from as few as three to as many as eleven months.{{sfn|Nayton|2011|p=12}}{{efn|The contemporary Noongar calendar divides the year into six seasons: {{lang|nys|Binak}} (December–January): {{lang|nys|Bunuru}} (February–March); {{lang|nys|Djeran}} (April–May), {{lang|nys|Makuru}}; {{lang|nys|Djilba}} and {{lang|nys|Kambarang}}.{{sfn |Ryan |2013 |p=123}} }} Tribes are spread over three different geological systems: the coastal plains, the plateau, and the plateau margins; all areas are characterized by relatively infertile soil. The north is characterized by casuarina, acacia, and melaleuca thickets, and the south by mulga scrubland, but it also
Generally, Noongar made a living by hunting and trapping a variety of game, including kangaroos, [[Phalangeriformes|possums]] and wallabies; for people close to the coastal zone or riverine systems, spear-fishing or culling fish in traps was customary. An extensive range of [[bush tucker|edible wild plants]] were also available, including yams and [[Acacia|wattle]] seeds. Nuts of the [[zamia palm]], eaten during the ''Djeran'' season (April–May){{sfn|Ryan|2013|p=123}} required extensive treatment to remove
==History of contact==
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[[File:Carrolup River Native Settlement.jpg|thumb|Carrolup River Native Settlement, {{circa|1951}}, near [[Katanning, Western Australia|Katanning]]]]
Initially, relations were generally cordial. [[Matthew Flinders]]
In June 1832, a Whadjuk leader,{{sfn|Allbrook|2014|p=49}} [[Yagan]], formerly of good standing among the settler authorities and known in the colony for his handsome bearing, "tall, slender, well-fashioned..of pleasing countenance", was, together with his father [[Midgegooroo]] and brother Monday, declared an outlaw after undertaking a series of food raids and a retaliatory murder. Caught and imprisoned, he escaped and was let alone, as though informally reprieved as a native version of [[William Wallace]].{{sfn|Seal|2011|p=70}}{{efn|Yagan's brother Monday later deposed that their resistance stemmed from the many deaths the Whadjuk had suffered
From August 1838, ten Aboriginal prisoners were sent to [[Rottnest Island]] ({{lang-nys|Wadjemup}}, possibly meaning "place across the water"{{sfn |www.creativespirits.info}}). After a short period when both settlers and prisoners occupied the island, the [[Secretary of State for the Colonies|Colonial Secretary]] announced in June 1839 that the island would become a penal establishment for Aboriginal people and was officially designated as such in 1841.{{sfn|Bedells|2010|p=22}} From that time
A notable incident for the Noongar people in the Western Australian Colony was the arrival of [[Rosendo Salvado]] in 1846. Salvado was an advocate for the humane treatment of the Australian Aboriginals at the mission he created at [[New Norcia]], in the territory of the [[Yued]]. He provided refuge for the [[Njunga]] and he defended many on charges of theft, arguing from
From 1890 to 1958, the lives and lifestyles of Noongar people were subject to the Native Welfare Act.
By 1915, 15% of Perth's Noongar had been thrust north and interned at the [[Moore River Native Settlement]].{{sfn|Ord|Mazzarol|2007|p=514}} Carrolup (later known as [[Marribank]]) became the home of up to one-third of the population. It is estimated that 10 to 25% of Noongar children were forcibly "adopted" during these years, in part of what has become known as the [[Stolen Generations]].{{sfn|Haebich|Delroy|1999}}
==Culture==
[[File: Olman Walley Noongar Performer.jpg|thumb|Olman Walley, a Noongar performer, in traditional Noongar clothing]]
Noongar people live in many country towns throughout the south-west as well as in the major population centres of [[Perth]], [[Mandurah, Western Australia|Mandurah]], [[Bunbury, Western Australia|Bunbury]], [[Geraldton, Western Australia|Geraldton]], [[Albany, Western Australia|Albany]] and [[Esperance, Western Australia|Esperance]]. Many country Noongar people have developed long-standing relationships with non-Noongar farmers
The [[Buka cloak|buka]] is a traditional cloak of the Noongar people made of kangaroo skin.{{sfn|National Quilt Register}}
{{anchor|kodj}}The kodj ([[Noongar language|"to be hit on the head"]]) or kodja<ref name="au-archaeo-assoc/2014/10/Akerman">{{cite journal |last1=Akerman |first1=Kim |title=Observations on edge-ground stone hatchets with hafting modifications in Western Australia |publisher=[[Australian Archaeological Association]] |journal=Australian Archaeology |date=2014 |volume=79 |pages=137–145 |doi=10.1080/03122417.2014.11682030 |url=<!-- https://www.jstor.org/stable/24471323 -->https://www.australianarchaeologicalassociation.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/AA-TS_Akerman-CORRECT.pdf |access-date=28 July 2023 |issn=0312-2417 |jstor=24471323 |quote=flexible wood bent around the head and with the arms tied together with sinew or fibre cord to ... known as the kodj or kodja and restricted in distribution }}</ref> is a Noongar [[hafting|hafted]] [[axe]].<ref name="museum.wa.gov.au/kodj-axe">{{cite web |title=Kodj (axe) |url=http://museum.wa.gov.au/research/collections/aboriginal-western-australians/aboriginal-cultures-collection/kodj-axe |website=[[Western Australian Museum]] |access-date=28 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="abc.net.au/102397920">{{cite web |title=Kodj |url=https://www.abc.net.au/education/first-weapons-kodj/102397920 |website=First Weapons |publisher=ABC Education |access-date=28 July 2023 |language=en-AU |date=27 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="00664677.2019.1706038">{{cite journal |last1=Carty |first1=John |title=To Imagine an Australian Museum |journal=Anthropological Forum |date=2 October 2019 |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=384–396 |doi=10.1080/00664677.2019.1706038 |url=<!-- https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/123375 --><!-- https://www.vgls.vic.gov.au/client/en_AU/vgls/search/detailnonmodal/eds:$002f$002f1657660369$002f0$002fa9h$007c$007c141412040/ada/5800a895-b070-4c11-b693-4332f0fd6ddf.nw9eF$002bI49ggGXaC9NGd4Eg$003d$003d?qu=Australian+Museum.+Trust.&if=ee%09edsExpanderFacet%09fulltext&d=eds%3A%2F%2F1657660369%2F0%2Fa9h%7C%7C141412040%7E1657660369%7E1&ic=true&te=1657660369 -->https://content.ebscohost.com/cds/retrieve?content=AQICAHjIloLM_J-oCztr2keYdV8f1ibHmDucods679W_YPnffAHjO4SNalC1Lx1lx0yFbsQTAAAA4jCB3wYJKoZIhvcNAQcGoIHRMIHOAgEAMIHIBgkqhkiG9w0BBwEwHgYJYIZIAWUDBAEuMBEEDIg3_PgLgtxHNO6A1QIBEICBmp7wD6ps-j9GeSFjUg5erktP_b5NSM4bGiG-CUCIwy8MUDzjbmmu6vRInHQkYiEw-TxcL2m475Po5tUy-IqFL-K3jJR1E9B8LnXtlsWe7oWtKmMAKhbJ5J6QLB2Keg2QWxHi2KvGmy2pVAP7YI8HVaoWnUMFNrrw1YwK1s3d8MzBrAimUCg8JX6_gIP2QMhQB4a4bWtJz6bcCaM= |access-date=28 July 2023 |issn=0066-4677}}</ref><ref name="calendar-australia/weapon-aborigines">{{cite web |title=What was the weapon of choice for the Aborigines of Australia? |url=https://www.calendar-australia.com/faq/what-was-the-weapon-of-choice-for-the-aborigines-of-australia |website=calendar-australia.com |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref> [[Kojonup, Western Australia]] and ''The Kodja Place'' visitor
*{{cite web |title=The Kodja Place |url=https://visitwanderland.com.au/explore/south-west/kodja-place |website=visitWAnderland.com.au |publisher=[[Western Australian Museum]] |access-date=28 July 2023 |language=en}}
*{{cite web |title=The Kodja Place, Kojonup |url=https://aumuseums.com/wa/kodja-place-kojonup |website=Australian Museums and Galleries |access-date=28 July 2023 |language=en |date=23 December 2016}}
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[[Yirra Yaakin]]{{sfn|Yirra Yaakin Noongar Theatre}}
describes itself as the response to the Aboriginal
▲Despite such state government actions, many local governments in the southwest have developed "compacts" or "commitments" with their local Noongar communities to ensure that sites of significance are protected and that the culture is respected. At the same time, the Western Australian Barnett government, also from November 2014, had been forcing the Aboriginal Cultural Material Committee to deregister 300 Aboriginal sacred sites in Western Australia.{{sfn|Callinan|Quartermaine|2015}}{{sfn|WGAR News|2015}} Although falling most heavily upon Pilbara and Kimberley sites this government policy also was having an impact on Noongar lands according to Ira Hayward-Jackson, Chairman of the Rottnest Island Deaths Group.{{sfn|McMahon|2015}} The changes also removed rights of notification and appeal for [[traditional owners]] seeking to protect their heritage. A legal ruling on 1 April 2015 overturned the government's actions on some of the sites deregistered which were found to be truly sacred.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}
Elders are increasingly asked on formal occasions to provide a "[[Welcome to Country]]", and the first steps of teaching the Noongar language in the general curriculum have been made.<ref name="bou22">{{cite news |title=Indigenous languages being taught to 10,000 Western Australian school kids |date=2022-07-04 |first=Keane |last=Bourke |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-07-04/wa-students-learn-indigenous-languages-at-record-rate/101194088 |access-date=2022-07-04 }}</ref>
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* [[Geraldton Sandplains]] – Amangu and Yued
* [[Swan Coastal Plain]] – Yued, [[Whadjuk]], [[Binjareb]] and [[Wardandi]]
* [[Avon Wheatbelt]] – Balardong, Nyakinyaki, Wilman
* [[Jarrah Forest]] – Whadjuk, Binjareb, Balardong, Wilman, Ganeang
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The Noongar themselves are tackling their own issues; for example, the Noongar Patrol, which is an Aboriginal Advancement Council initiative. It was set up to deter Aboriginal young people from offending behaviour and reduce the likelihood of their contact with the criminal justice system. The patrol uses mediation and negotiation with indigenous youth in an attempt to curb anti-social and offending behaviour of young people who come into the city at night.{{sfn|Nyoongar Patrol}}
==Notable Noongar people==▼
==See also==
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* [[History of Indigenous Australians]]
* [[History of Western Australia]]
* [[
* [[Noongar kin systems]]
* [[Noongarpedia]]
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| first = Daisy
| year = 1937
| url =
| via = The University of Adelaide
| access-date = 10 July 2017
|