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m →Texas Land Commissioner: Crosby was Democratic (also at one point Know-Nothing, but I don't think during his term as GLO) |
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The Congress of the [[Republic of Texas]] established the General Land Office on 22 December 1836 (making the GLO the oldest existing Texas public agency).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to the Texas General Land Office!|website=Texas General Land Office|url=http://www.glo.texas.gov/GLO/index.html|access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref> The agency's constitutional purpose was to "superintend, execute, and perform all acts touching or respecting the public lands of Texas."<ref name="Handbook">{{Cite web|title=GENERAL LAND OFFICE|first=John G.|last=Johnson|date=15 June 2010|website=[[Handbook of Texas Online]]|publisher=[[Texas State Historical Association]]|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mcg01|access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref> Since its establishment the agency has been located in [[Austin, Texas|Austin]], although a relocation to [[Houston]] was briefly attempted during the [[Texas Archive War]]. One former home of the GLO, the [[General Land Office Building (Austin, Texas)|Old Land Office Building]], is a [[National Register of Historic Places|registered historic place]] and now serves as the [[Texas State Capitol]] Visitor's Center.
When the State of [[Texas]] was [[Texas Annexation|annexed into the United States]] in 1845, it kept control of all of its public lands from its time as a sovereign state.<ref>Joint Resolution for annexing Texas to the United States, J.Res. 8, enacted March 1, 1845, {{USStat|5|797}}. Joint Resolution for the admission of the state of Texas into the Union, J.Res. 1, enacted December 29, 1845, {{USStat|9|108}}.</ref> As a result, Texas is the only
Texas's public lands were significantly enlarged by the US [[Submerged Lands Act]] of 1953 and the resolution of the ensuing [[Tidelands]] Controversy. Because Texas's historical territorial waters originated with the Republic, the [[US Supreme Court]] ruled in the 1960 case ''United States v. Louisiana''<ref>{{ussc|name=United States v. Louisiana|link=United States v. Louisiana (1960)|volume=363|page=1|year=1960}}</ref> that Texas was in the unique position of owning territory out to three leagues (9 [[geographical mile]]s which is nearly exactly 9 nautical miles, 10.35 statute miles, 16.66 km) from its coastline (significantly more than the three geographical miles controlled by other coastal states). All of these lands (and the oil and gas deposits beneath them) are managed by the General Land Office.
==Texas Land Commissioner==
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}}
The head of the General Land Office is the Texas Land Commissioner, a statewide public official. Since a [[1972 Texas Proposition 8|1972 constitutional amendment]], Texas state-wide officers–including the Commissioner–have been elected every four years, prior to which they were elected every two years. The current land commissioner is [[Dawn Buckingham]], who was elected on 8 November 2022.
{| class=wikitable
|+ Land Commissioners by party affiliation (since statehood)
! scope="col"| Party
! scope="col"| Land Commissioner
|- {{party shading/Democratic}}
! scope="row"| [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| 20
|- {{party shading/Republican}}
! scope="row"| [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| 6
|}▼
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
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|
! scope="row" | [[H. W. Raglin]]
|December 12, 1840 – January 4, 1841<ref name="
|
|-
|3
|[[File:Thomas_William_Ward.png|60px]]
▲|
! scope="row" | [[Thomas W. Ward]]
|January 4, 1841 – March 20, 1848<ref>{{Cite web |date=1952 |title=Ward, Thomas William (1807–1872)|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/ward-thomas-william |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Handbook of Texas (Texas State Historical Association) |language=en}}</ref>
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|-
|4
|[[File:GeorgeWSmyth.jpg|60px]]
|▼
! scope="row"| [[George W. Smyth]]
|March 20, 1848 – August 4, 1851<br><small>Defeated Ward in 1848 election</small>
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|
! scope="row"| [[Stephen Crosby]]
|August 4, 1851 – March 1, 1858<ref name="
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
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|
! scope="row" | [[Francis M. White]]
|March 1, 1858 – March 1, 1862<ref name="
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
|5
|
! scope="row" | Stephen Crosby
|March 1, 1862 – September 1, 1865<ref name="
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
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|
! scope="row" | Francis M. White
|September 1, 1865 – August 7, 1866<ref name="
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
|5
|
! scope="row" | Stephen Crosby
|August 7, 1866 – August 27, 1867<ref name="
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
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|
! scope="row" | [[Joseph Spence (Texas politician)|Joseph Spence]]
|August 27, 1867 – January 19, 1870<ref name="
|{{Party shading/Republican}}| Republican<ref>{{Cite web |date=1952 |title=Spence, Joseph (1826–1894)
|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/spence-joseph |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Handbook of Texas (Texas State Historical Association) |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|8
|[[File:Jacob Kuechler.jpg|60px]]
! scope="row" | [[Jacob Kuechler]]
|January 19, 1870 – January 20, 1874<ref name="
|{{Party shading/Republican}}| Republican
|-
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|
! scope="row"| [[Johann J. Groos]]
|January 20, 1874 – June 15, 1878<ref name="
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
|10
|
! scope="row"| [[W. C. Walsh]]
|June 15, 1878 – January 10, 1887<ref name="GLOArchives2012" /><br><small>Appointed by Governor [[Richard B. Hubbard]] to remainder of Groos' term<ref>{{Cite web |date=1952 |title=Walsh, William C. (1836–1924)|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/spence-joseph |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Handbook of Texas (Texas State Historical Association) |language=en}}</ref></small>
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
|11
|
! scope="row"| [[Richard M. Hall (Texas politician)|Richard M. Hall]]
|January 10, 1887 – January 16, 1891<ref name="
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic<ref>{{Cite web |date=1952 |title=Hall, Richard Moore (1851–1917)|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/hall-richard-moore |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Handbook of Texas (Texas State Historical Association) |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|12
|
! scope="row"| [[W. L. McGaughey]]
|January 16, 1891 – January 16, 1895<ref name="
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic<ref>{{Cite web |date=1952 |title=McGaughey, William L. (1837–1912)|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/mcgaughey-william-l |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Handbook of Texas (Texas State Historical Association) |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|13
|
! scope="row"| [[Andrew J. Baker (Texas politician)|Andrew J. Baker]]
|January 15, 1895 – January 16, 1899<ref name="
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic<ref>{{Cite web |date=1952 |title=Baker, Andrew Jackson (1842–1912)|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/baker-andrew-jackson |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Handbook of Texas (Texas State Historical Association) |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|14
|
! scope="row"| [[George W. Finger]]
|January 16, 1899 – May 4, 1899<ref name="GLOArchives2012" /><br><small>Died in office<ref>{{Cite web |date=1952 |title=Finger, George W. (1857–1899)|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/finger-george-w |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Handbook of Texas (Texas State Historical Association) |language=en}}</ref></small>
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
|15
|
! scope="row"| [[Charles Rogan]]
|May 15, 1899 – January 10, 1903<ref name="GLOArchives2012" /><br><small>Appointed by Governor [[Joseph Sayers]] to replace Finger; subsequently elected<ref>{{Cite web |date=1952 |title=Rogan, Charles (1858–1932)|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/rogan-charles |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Handbook of Texas (Texas State Historical Association) |language=en}}</ref></small>
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
|16
|
! scope="row"| [[John J. Terrell]]
|January 10, 1903 – January 11, 1909<ref name="
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
|17
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! scope="row"| [[James T. Robison]]
|January 11, 1909 – September 8, 1929<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harper |first=Cecil Jr |date=1952 |title=Robison, James Thomas |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/robison-james-thomas |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Handbook of Texas (Texas State Historical Association) |language=en}}</ref><br><small>Died in office</small>
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
|18
|
! scope="row"| [[J. H. Walker]]
|September 12, 1929 – January 1, 1937<ref name="
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
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|
! scope="row"| [[William H. McDonald]]
|January 1, 1937 – January 1, 1939<ref name="
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
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|
! scope="row"| [[Bascom Giles]]
|January 1, 1939 – January 5, 1955<ref name="
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
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|[[File:Major_General_James_Earl_Rudder_Army.gif|60px]]
! scope="row"| [[James Earl Rudder]]
|January 5, 1955 – February 1, 1958<ref name="
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
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|
! scope="row"| [[Bill Allcorn]]
|February 1, 1958 – January 1, 1961<ref name="
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
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|
! scope="row"| [[Jerry Sadler]]
|January 1, 1961 – January 1, 1971<ref name="
|{{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
|-
|24
▲|
! scope="row"| [[Bob Armstrong (politician)|Bob Armstrong]]
|January 12, 1971 – January 4, 1983
| |||