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| name = Tucson
| native_name = {{native name|ood|Cuk Ṣon}}<ref name="Saxton-1983"/><br>{{native name|es|Tucsón}}
| settlement_type = [[List of cities and towns in Arizona|City]]
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'''Tucson''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|uː|s|ɒ|n}} {{respell|TOO|son}}; {{lang-ood|Cuk Ṣon}}; {{lang-es|Tucsón}})<ref name="Saxton-1983"/> is a city in and the county seat of [[Pima County, Arizona]], United States,<ref name="National Association of Counties">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|access-date=June 7, 2011|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|archive-date=May 31, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> and is home to the [[University of Arizona]]. It is the second-largest city in Arizona behind [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], with a population of 542,629 in the [[2020 United States census]],<ref name="census-website">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=May 25, 2018}}</ref> while the population of the entire Tucson [[metropolitan statistical area]] (MSA) is 1,043,433.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.qedfinancialsystems.com/tucson-a-fast-growing-az-city/|title=Tucson – A Fast Growing AZ City|website=Qedfinancialsystems.com|access-date=February 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002230/https://www.qedfinancialsystems.com/tucson-a-fast-growing-az-city/|archive-date=February 10, 2018|url-status=dead|date=February 8, 2018|first=Sesto|last=Trevisan}}</ref> The '''Tucson MSA''' forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales [[combined statistical area]]. Both Tucson and Phoenix anchor the [[Arizona Sun Corridor]]. The city is {{convert|108|mi}} southeast of Phoenix and {{cvt|60|mi|-2}} north of the [[United States–Mexico border]].<ref name="National Association of Counties" />
Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include [[Oro Valley, Arizona|Oro Valley]] and [[Marana, Arizona|Marana]] northwest of the city, [[Sahuarita, Arizona|Sahuarita]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tucson.com/news/blogs/streetsmarts/street-smarts-sahuarita-s-name-may-be-misspelling/article_08a0bf43-860f-5be1-bc24-a718f6fdcdb2.html |title=Street Smarts: Sahuarita's name may be misspelling |website=Arizona Daily Star |access-date=February 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210153135/http://tucson.com/news/blogs/streetsmarts/street-smarts-sahuarita-s-name-may-be-misspelling/article_08a0bf43-860f-5be1-bc24-a718f6fdcdb2.html |archive-date=February 10, 2016 |url-status=live |first=David|last=Leighton|date=February 8, 2016}}</ref> south of the city, and [[South Tucson, Arizona|South Tucson]] in an enclave south of downtown. Communities in the vicinity of Tucson (some within or overlapping the city limits) include [[Casas Adobes, Arizona|Casas Adobes]], [[Catalina Foothills, Arizona|Catalina Foothills]], [[Flowing Wells, Arizona|Flowing Wells]], [[Midvale Park]], [[Tanque Verde, Arizona|Tanque Verde]], [[Tortolita, Arizona|Tortolita]], and [[Vail, Arizona|Vail]]. Towns outside the Tucson metropolitan area include [[Three Points, Arizona|Three Points]], [[Benson, Arizona|Benson]] to the southeast, [[Catalina, Arizona|Catalina]] and [[Oracle, Arizona|Oracle]] to the north, and [[Green Valley, Arizona|Green Valley]] to the south.
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By 1900, 7,531 people lived in Tucson. By 1910, the population increased to 13,913.<ref name="census-1930">{{Cite web |title=Arizona |url=https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/1930azpop.pdf |access-date=April 28, 2023 |website=census.gov}}</ref> About this time, the U.S. [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Veterans Administration]] had begun construction of the present Veterans Hospital. The city's clean, dry air made it a destination for many veterans who had been [[chemical weapons|gassed]] in World War I and needed [[respiratory therapy]]. In addition, these dry and high-altitude conditions were thought to be ideal for the treatment of tuberculosis, for which no cures were known before antibiotics were developed against it.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rogers|first=Frank B.|title=The rise and decline of the altitude therapy of tuberculosis|date=1969|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|volume=43|issue=1|pages=1–16|jstor=44447350|pmid=4887472}}</ref>
The city continued to grow, with the population increasing to 20,292 in 1920<ref name="census-1930" /> and 36,818 in 1940.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1940 |title=16th Census, Population, Volume I |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/population-volume-1/33973538v1ch03.pdf |access-date=April 28, 2023 |website=census.gov}}</ref> In 2006, the estimated population of [[Pima County, Arizona|Pima County]], in which Tucson is located, passed one million,<ref>{{Cite web |last=McNamara |first=Patrick |date=March 18, 2011 |title=Pima County falls short of 1M mark |url=https://www.insidetucsonbusiness.com/news/top_stories/pima-county-falls-short-of-1m-mark/article_7364b0fc-50d9-11e0-9e9f-001cc4c002e0.html |access-date=April 28, 2023 |website=Inside Tucson Business}}</ref> while the City of Tucson's population was 535,000.<ref>{{
In 1912, Arizona was admitted as a state. This increased the number of flags that had been flown over Tucson to five: Spanish, Mexican, United States, Confederate, and the State of Arizona.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tucsoncitizen.com/community/2010/08/20/feliz-cumpleanos-happy-birthday-tucson/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721160045/http://tucsoncitizen.com/community/2010/08/20/feliz-cumpleanos-happy-birthday-tucson/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 21, 2012 |title=Feliz Cumpleaños (Happy Birthday) Tucson! – Carolyn's Community |work=Tucson Citizen |date=August 20, 2010 |access-date=October 27, 2011 }}</ref>
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[[File:DTTucsonCongressSt.jpg|thumb|right|Bikes along Congress Street near Fifth Avenue]]
At the end of the 2010s, city planners and the business community worked to redevelop downtown Tucson. The primary project was Rio Nuevo, a large retail and community center that had been stalled in planning for more than a decade.<ref>{{cite news |author=Rob O'Dell |work=Arizona Daily Star |url=http://azstarnet.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/article_b255ce66-e3a3-11df-aefc-001cc4c03286.html |title=Azstarnet.com |date=October 29, 2010 |access-date=January 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101210259/http://azstarnet.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/article_b255ce66-e3a3-11df-aefc-001cc4c03286.html |archive-date=January 1, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kvoa.com/news/rio-nuevo-town-hall-packed/ |title=Kvoa.com |website=Kvoa.com |date=June 23, 2010 |access-date=January 22, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227040633/http://www.kvoa.com/news/rio-nuevo-town-hall-packed/ |archive-date=December 27, 2011}}</ref> One Rio Nuevo project that was successful is[[Mission Garden]]. Related to Tucson's City of Gastronomy designation, this living agricultural museum at the base of [[Sentinel Peak (Arizona)|Sentinel Peak]] west of downtown grows heritage crops and heirloom trees that represent people who have lived in the area for thousands of years. Downtown is generally regarded as the area bordered by 17th Street to the south, I-10 to the west, and 6th Street to the north, and Toole Avenue and the [[Union Pacific Railroad|Union Pacific]] (formerly [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company|Southern Pacific]]) railroad tracks, site of the historic train depot<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tucsonhistoricdepot.org/1673/timeline/index.htm|title=Arrival of the Southern Pacific Railroad in Tucson|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126134917/http://www.tucsonhistoricdepot.org/1673/timeline/index.htm|archive-date=January 26, 2011|access-date=March 12, 2012}}</ref> on the east side. Downtown is divided into the Presidio District, the Barrio Viejo, and the Congress Street Arts and Entertainment District.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tucson.world-guides.com/tucson_districts.html |title=Tucson Neighbourhoods, Locations and Districts: Locations in Tucson Area, AZ, USA |website=Tucson.world-guides.com |access-date=October 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415105009/http://www.tucson.world-guides.com/tucson_districts.html |archive-date=April 15, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some authorities include the 4th Avenue shopping district, northeast of the rest of downtown and connected by an underpass beneath the [[Union Pacific Railroad|UPRR]] tracks.
[[File:Fox theater Tucson.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The recently restored [[Fox Tucson Theatre|Fox Theatre]] is in downtown Tucson.]]
Historic attractions downtown with rich architecture include the [[Hotel Congress]] designed in 1919, the Art Deco [[Fox Tucson Theatre|Fox Theatre]] designed in 1929, the [[Rialto Theatre (Arizona)|Rialto Theatre]] opened in 1920, and [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine Cathedral]] completed in 1896.<ref>[http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=102386 Tucson, U.S.A. | Emporis.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026052349/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=102386 |date=October 26, 2006 }}. Retrieved March 12, 2010.</ref> Included on the National Register of Historic Places is the old [[Pima County Courthouse]], designed by [[Roy Place]] in 1928.<ref>[http://www.azhistorytraveler.org/templates/content-view.php?nid=2&sid=546 Public Buildings – Pima County Courthouse], Arizona Heritage Traveler {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201035639/http://www.azhistorytraveler.org/templates/content-view.php?nid=2&sid=546 |date=February 1, 2015 }}</ref>
As one of the oldest parts of town, Central Tucson is anchored by the Broadway Village shopping center, designed by local architect [[Josias Joesler]] at the intersection of Broadway Boulevard and Country Club Road. The 4th Avenue Shopping District between downtown, the university, and the Lost Barrio just east of downtown, also has many unique and popular stores. Local retail business in Central Tucson is densely concentrated along Fourth Avenue and the Main Gate Square on University Boulevard near the UA campus.
[[File:UAmainlibr 1008.jpg|thumb|right|[[University of Arizona]] Main Library]]
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Tucson has a hot [[desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BWh''), with two major seasons, a hot summer and mild winter. Tucson averages {{convert|10.61|in|mm|1}} of precipitation per year, concentrated during the Pacific storms of winter and the [[North American Monsoon]] of summer. Fall and spring tend to be sunny and dry.<ref>McKnight & Hess, pp. 212 ''ff'', "Climate Zones and Types: Dry Climates (Zone B)".</ref> Despite being at a more southerly latitude than Phoenix, Tucson is slightly cooler and wetter due to a variety of factors, including elevation and [[orographic lift]] in surrounding mountains, though Tucson does occasionally see warmer daytime temperatures in the winter.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix-weather/2017/12/01/why-tucson-winter-can-be-warmer-than-phoenix/903557001/ |title=Why Tucson can be warmer than Phoenix in winter |publisher=azcentral.com |access-date=June 13, 2020}}</ref>
[[File:Tucsonmonsoon.jpg|thumb|right|Monsoon clouds blanketed the Catalina Mountains in August 2005.]]
Summer is characterized by average daily high temperatures between {{convert|98|and|102|°F|°C|0}} and low temperatures between {{convert|71|and|77|°F|°C|0}}. Early summer is characterized by low humidity and clear skies; mid- and late summer are characterized by higher humidity, cloudy skies, and frequent rain. The sun is intense in Tucson during part of the year, and those who spend time outdoors need protection. Recent studies show that the rate of skin cancer in Arizona is at least three times higher than in more northerly regions. Additionally, [[heat stroke]] is a concern for hikers, mountain bikers, and adventurers who explore canyons, open desert lands, and other exposed areas.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 11568742 | doi=10.1067/mjd.2001.114742 | volume=45 | issue=4 | title=Trends in the incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancers in southeastern Arizona, 1985-1996 | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | pages=528–36 | last1 = Harris | first1 = RB | last2 = Griffith | first2 = K | last3 = Moon | first3 = TE| year=2001 }}</ref>
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As of the census of 2010, 520,116 people, 229,762 households, and 112,455 families resided in the city. The population density was {{convert|2,500.1|/mi2|/km2|disp=preunit|inhabitants |inhabitants}}. The 209,609 dwelling units had an average density of {{convert|1,076.7|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 69.7% White (down from 94.8% in 1970<ref name="census-1990">{{cite web |title=Arizona – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012 }}</ref>), 5.0% Black or African-American, 2.7% Native American, 2.9% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 16.9% from other races, and 3.8% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 41.6% of the population.<ref name="facts-2012"/> [[Non-Hispanic Whites]] were 47.2% of the population in 2010,<ref name="facts-2012">{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04/0477000.html |title=Tucson (city), Arizona |work=State & County QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=May 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531110448/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04/0477000.html |archive-date=May 31, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> down from 72.8% in 1970.<ref name="census-1990"/>
The largest ancestries reported in Tucson according to 2022 estimates were [[Mexican Americans|Mexican]] (39.9%), [[German Americans|German]] (11%), [[English Americans|English]] (7.7%), [[Italian Americans|Italian]] (3.4%), [[American ancestry|American]] (2.8%), and [[Polish Americans|Polish]] (1.8%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B04006 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B04006&geo_ids=16000US0477000&primary_geo_id=16000US0477000#valueType%7Cpercentage |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=censusreporter.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B03001 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B03001&geo_ids=16000US0477000&primary_geo_id=16000US0477000 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=censusreporter.org}}</ref>
According to research by demographer [[William H. Frey]] using data from the [[2010 United States Census|2010 United States census]], Tucson has the lowest level of Black-White segregation of any of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Frey |first1=William H. |title=Diversity Explosion: How New Racial Demographics Are Remaking America |date=2018 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-8157-2398-1 |page=177|edition=2nd}}</ref>
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==Economy==
[[File:Tucson shab1.JPG|thumb|right|Downtown Tucson with the University of Arizona in the background]]
Much of Tucson's economic development has centered on the development of the University of Arizona, which is the city's largest employer. [[Davis-Monthan Air Force Base]], on the city's southeastern edge, also provides many jobs for Tucson residents. Its presence, as well as the presence of the US Army Intelligence Center ([[Fort Huachuca]], the region's largest employer, in nearby Sierra Vista), has led to the development of many high-technology industries, including government contractors. The city of Tucson is also a major hub for the Union Pacific Railroad's Sunset Route that links the Los Angeles ports with the South/Southeast regions of the country.
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[[File:Tucson May 2019 22 (Tucson Arena at the Tucson Convention Center).jpg|thumb|Tucson Arena is home to the [[Tucson Roadrunners]] and [[Tucson Sugar Skulls]]]]
In [[ice hockey]], the [[Tucson Roadrunners]] of the [[American Hockey League]] began play during the 2016–2017 season after relocating to Tucson in 2016. They play at the [[Tucson Convention Center|Tucson Convention Center Arena]] from October to April, and are the top affiliate of the [[Utah
In [[American football]], the [[Indoor Football League]] announced in 2018 they were bringing an expansion team to Tucson to play at the [[Tucson Convention Center]]'s newly renovated Tucson Arena starting in 2019. That team would be announced as the [[Tucson Sugar Skulls]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tucson.com/sports/local/sweet-tucson-s-new-indoor-football-league-team-picks-a/article_90151e2c-bd36-11e8-a242-d3756e45a1d3.html |title=Sweet: Tucson's new Indoor Football League team picks a name with local significance |author=Ryan Finlay |website=tucson.com |date=September 20, 2018 |access-date=September 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924070625/https://tucson.com/sports/local/sweet-tucson-s-new-indoor-football-league-team-picks-a/article_90151e2c-bd36-11e8-a242-d3756e45a1d3.html |archive-date=September 24, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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[[Tumamoc Hill]] is an active research site maintained by the [[University of Arizona]] and [[Pima County, Arizona|Pima County]] that doubles as a popular walking/running trail. The paved trail on Tumamoc Hill is 1.5 miles uphill (3 miles full trip), divided into two parts. The lower half is a much more gradual slope compared to the steep upper half reaching a final elevation of 2,340 ft where it overlooks most of the city of Tucson. The trail attracts around 1500 visits a day from various demographics of the Tucson area.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Walk the Hill {{!}} Desert Laboratory on Tumamoc Hill|url=https://tumamoc.arizona.edu/walk-hill|access-date=August 20, 2020|newspaper=Desert Laboratory on Tumamoc Hill|date=February 13, 2020}}</ref>
[[Mt. Lemmon]] is {{convert|25|mi|km}} north (by the [[Catalina Highway]]) and over {{convert|6700|ft|m}} above Tucson in the Santa Catalina Mountains in the [[Coronado National Forest]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/coronado/recreation/recarea/?recid=25628&actid=105%22|title=Catalina Highway|website=Forest Service|access-date=April 21, 2024}}</ref> Outdoor activities in the Catalinas include hiking, mountain biking, birding, rock climbing, picnicking, camping, swimming in mountain stream pools, sky rides at Ski Valley, fishing, and photography. In winter with enough snow, the sky ride converts back to skiing at the southernmost ski resort in the continental United States. [[Summerhaven, Arizona|Summerhaven]], a community near the top of Mt. Lemmon, is also a popular destination.
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{{portal|Arizona|Cities|Geography|North America|United States}}
* [[Davis–Monthan Air Force Base]]
* [[Iskashitaa Refugee Network]], based in Tucson
* [[List of tallest buildings in Tucson]]
* [[List of historic properties in Tucson, Arizona]]
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