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Austronesier (talk | contribs) Reverted 1 edit by Eiskrahablo (talk): Rv frivolous tagging; which part of the content do you dispute? Raise your voice in the talk page first. This article is a faithful representation of Blust/Smith's proposal, and we say "proposed" three times in the lede and infobox: the reader is not left in the dark about the preliminary character of the hypothesis. |
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|name=Greater North Borneo
|acceptance=proposed
|region=Historically: most of [[Borneo]]
Nowadays: Throughout [[Maritime Southeast Asia]]
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
|fam3=[[Western Indonesian languages|Western Indonesian]] ?
|child1=
|child2=[[Melanau-Kajang languages|Central Sarawak]]
|child3=[[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]]
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}}
The '''Greater North Borneo languages''' are a proposed subgroup of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language family. The subgroup historically covers languages that are spoken throughout much of [[Borneo]] (excluding the southeastern area where the [[Barito languages|Greater Barito]] languages are spoken) and [[Sumatra]], as well as parts of
The proposed subgroup covers some of the major languages in [[Southeast Asia]], including [[Malay language|Malay]]
Since Greater North Borneo also includes the Malayic, Chamic, and Sundanese languages, it is incompatible with Alexander Adelaar's [[Malayo-Sumbawan]] hypothesis.{{sfn|Blust|2010|p=81}}{{sfn|Adelaar|2005}}
== History ==
Blust connects the GNB expansion with the migration of Austronesian speakers into
<!-- Perhaps should be developed as its own independent article
== North Borneo ==
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== Classification ==
=== Blust (2010) ===
Robert Blust proposed a set of [[Lexical Innovation|lexical innovations]] that defined Greater North Borneo. One of these innovations is *tuzuq replacing [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]] *pitu for 'seven'.{{sfn|Blust|2010|pp=44, 47}} The following subgroups are included:
*North Borneo▼
{{tree list}}
**[[Sabahan languages|Northeast Sabah]]▼
*'''Greater North Borneo'''
**[[Sabahan languages|Southwest Sabah]]▼
▲**North Borneo
**[[North Sarawakan languages|North Sarawak]]▼
***[[
▲***[[North Sarawakan languages|North Sarawak]]
**[[Segai language|Segai]]-[[Modang language|Modang]]▼
**[[
***[[
▲***[[Segai language|Segai]]-[[Modang language|Modang]]
**Bidayuh-Southern Land Dayak▼
*Malayo-Chamic▼
***[[
▲***Bidayuh-Southern Land Dayak
▲**[[Chamic languages|Chamic]]
▲**Malayo-Chamic
*[[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]▼
***[[
***[[
▲**[[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]
{{tree list/end}}
While Blust assumed that all languages of Borneo other than those in Greater Barito subgroup with GNB,{{sfn|Blust|2010|pp=44, 47}} he
▲While Blust assumed that all languages of Borneo other than those in Greater Barito subgroup with GNB,{{sfn|Blust|2010|pp=44, 47}} he doesn't attempt to explicitly classify several languages, including those with insufficient available data.{{sfn|Blust|2010|pp=52–53}}{{sfn|Smith|2017a|p=28}}
*(unclassified)
**[[Melanau language|Melanau]]
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=== Smith (2017a, 2017b) ===
Smith recognizes an independent Central Sarawak branch within Greater North Borneo, combining the Melanau, Kajang and Punan–Müller-Schwaner languages.{{sfn|Smith|2017a|p=319}} Additionally, he also excludes Moklenic from GNB and places it all the way up as one of the primary branches of Malayo-Polynesian.{{sfn|Smith|2017b|p=459–460}}
*North Borneo▼
{{tree list}}
**[[Sabahan languages|Northeast Sabah]]▼
*'''Greater North Borneo'''
▲**North Borneo
**[[North Sarawakan languages|North Sarawak]]▼
***[[
▲***[[Sabahan languages|Southwest Sabah]]
▲**[[Melanau language|Melanau]]
***[[
**Punan–Müller-Schwaner▼
***[[Kajang languages|Kajang]]
▲***Punan–Müller-Schwaner
**[[Segai language|Segai]]-[[Modang language|Modang]]▼
**[[
***[[
▲***[[Segai language|Segai]]-[[Modang language|Modang]]
**Bidayuh-Southern Land Dayak▼
*Malayo-Chamic▼
***[[
▲***Bidayuh-Southern Land Dayak
▲**[[Chamic languages|Chamic]]
▲**Malayo-Chamic
▲*[[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]
***[[
Proto-Kayanic, Proto-Punan, Proto-Müller-Schwaner, Proto-Land Dayak, and Proto-Kenyah have also been reconstructed in Smith (2017a).{{sfn|Smith|2017a|p=49–50}}▼
**[[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]
**[[Rejang language|Rejang]]
==Austroasiatic substratum==▼
{{tree list/end}}
According to [[Roger Blench]] (2010),<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blench|first=Roger|date=2010|title=Was there an Austroasiatic Presence in Island Southeast Asia prior to the Austronesian Expansion?|url=http://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/JIPA/article/view/10637|journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association|volume=30|doi=10.7152/bippa.v30i0.10637}}</ref> [[Austroasiatic languages]] were once spoken in Borneo. Blench cites Austroasiatic-origin vocabulary words in modern-day Bornean branches such as [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Bidayuh languages|Bidayuh]], [[Bakati’ language|Dayak Bakatiq]], etc.), [[Dusunic languages|Dusunic]] ([[Dusun language|Central Dusun]], [[Brunei Bisaya language|Bisaya]], etc.), [[Kayan–Murik languages|Kayan]], and [[Kenyah languages|Kenyah]], noting especially resemblances with the [[Aslian languages]] of peninsular Malaysia. As further evidence for his proposal, Blench also cites ethnographic evidence such as musical instruments in Borneo shared in common with Austroasiatic-speaking groups in mainland Southeast Asia.▼
▲Proto-[[Kayanic languages|Kayanic]], Proto-[[Punan languages|Punan]], Proto-[[Müller-Schwaner languages|Müller-Schwaner]], Proto-[[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]], and Proto-[[Kenyah languages|Kenyah]] have also been reconstructed in Smith (2017a).{{sfn|Smith|2017a|p=49–50}}
▲According to [[Roger Blench]] (2010),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blench |first=Roger |date=2010 |title=Was there an Austroasiatic Presence in Island Southeast Asia prior to the Austronesian Expansion? |url=http://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/JIPA/article/view/10637 |journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association |volume=30 |doi=10.7152/bippa.v30i0.10637}}</ref> [[Austroasiatic languages]] were once spoken in Borneo. Blench cites Austroasiatic-origin vocabulary words in modern-day Bornean branches such as [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]] ([[Bidayuh languages|Bidayuh]], [[Bakati’ language|Dayak Bakatiq]], etc.), [[Dusunic languages|Dusunic]] ([[Dusun language|Central Dusun]], [[Brunei Bisaya language|Bisaya]], etc.), [[Kayan–Murik languages|Kayan]], and [[Kenyah languages|Kenyah]], noting especially resemblances with the [[Aslian languages]] of peninsular Malaysia. As further evidence for his proposal, Blench also cites ethnographic evidence such as musical instruments in Borneo shared in common with Austroasiatic-speaking groups in mainland Southeast Asia.
Blench (2010) claims that lexical forms shared among Bornean and Austroasiatic languages include 'rain', 'to die', 'back (of body)', 'flying lemur', 'monkey', 'barking deer', 'lizard', and 'taro'.
Kaufman (2018) presents further evidence of words in various Austronesian languages of Borneo that are of likely Austroasiatic origin.<ref>Kaufman, Daniel. 2018. ''Between mainland and island Southeast Asia: Evidence for a Mon-Khmer presence in Borneo''. Ronald and Janette Gatty Lecture Series. Kahin Center for Advanced Research on Southeast Asia, Cornell University. ([https://bahasawan.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Cornell-Borneo-handout.pdf handout] / [https://bahasawan.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Cornell-Borneo-slides.pdf slides])</ref>
<!--==See also==▼
*[[Languages of Kalimantan|Languages of Borneo]]-->▼
==References==
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===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{
* {{
* {{Cite book |last=Blust |first=Robert |title=The Austronesian languages |date=2013 |publisher=Asia-Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University |isbn=9781922185075 |edition=revised |series=Asia-Pacific Linguistics 8 |location=Canberra |hdl=1885/10191 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{
* {{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Alexander D. |date=2017b |title=The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/article/677288 |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=435–490 |doi=10.1353/ol.2017.0021 }}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780700712861 |editor-last=Adelaar |editor-first=Alexander |location=London |editor-last2=Himmelmann |editor-first2=Nikolaus}}
* {{
* {{
{{refend}}
{{Bornean languages}}
{{Languages of Indonesia}}
{{Languages of Malaysia}}
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