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{{short description|Americans of Scottish birth or descent}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2023}}▼
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Scottish Americans
| native_name = <small>{{native name|gd|Ameireaganaich Albannach}}</small>
|
| image = Census Bureau Scottish Americans in the United States.gif
'''1,471,817 (TBD%) Scottish alone'''<br> '''794,478 (TBD%) {{increase}} <br>Scotch-Irish alone or in combination'''<br/>{{small|[[2020 United States census|2020 census]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/10/2020-census-dhc-a-white-population.html|title=English Most Common Race or Ethnicity in 2020 Census|publisher=[[United States census]]|date= October 10, 2023|access-date=October 21, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html|title=Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census|publisher=[[United States census]]|date= September 21, 2023|access-date=October 21, 2023}}</ref><br>'''Other estimates'''<br />20–25 million<ref name="McCarthy">James McCarthy and Euan Hague, 'Race, Nation, and Nature: The Cultural Politics of "Celtic" Identification in the American West', ''Annals of the Association of American Geographers'', Volume 94 Issue 2 (5 Nov 2004), p. 392, citing J. Hewitson, ''Tam Blake and Co.: The Story of the Scots in America'' (Edinburgh: Canongate Books, 1993).</ref><ref name="Scotlandnow">[http://www.friendsofscotland.gov.uk/scotlandnow/issue-07/arts/tartan-day.html Tartan Day 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415205446/http://www.friendsofscotland.gov.uk/scotlandnow/issue-07/arts/tartan-day.html |date=2012-04-15 }}, ''scotlandnow'', Issue 7 (March 2007). Accessed 7 September 2008.</ref><ref name="SPOR">{{cite web |url=http://www.scottish.parliament.uk//business/officialReports/meetingsParliament/or-02/sor0911-02.htm |title=Scottish Parliament: Official Report, 11 September 2002, Col. 13525 |publisher=Scottish.parliament.uk |access-date=2012-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807041559/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk//business/officialReports/meetingsParliament/or-02/sor0911-02.htm |archive-date=7 August 2011 }}</ref><ref name="SPEERCA">{{cite web |url=http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/committees/europe/papers-04/eup04-20.pdf |title=Scottish Parliament: European and External Relations Committee Agenda, 20th Meeting 2004 (Session 2), 30 November 2004, EU/S2/04/20/1 |publisher=Scottish.parliament.uk |date=2011-08-14 |access-date=2012-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605215530/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/committees/europe/papers-04/eup04-20.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2011 }}</ref><br /><small>Up to 8.3% of the U.S. population</small><br />▼
|
▲'''1,471,817 (
| popplace = Predominantly in [[New England]], [[Appalachia]] and the [[Deep South]];
Plurality in [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Massachusetts]], [[West Virginia]], [[Idaho]], [[North Carolina]], [[Florida]], [[California]] and [[Pennsylvania]]
| langs = [[English language|English]] <small>([[American English|American English dialects]])<br></small>
[[Scottish Gaelic]] and [[Scots language|Scots]] speaking minorities
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}}
'''Scottish Americans''' or '''Scots Americans''' (
Significant emigration from Scotland to America began in the 1700s, accelerating after the [[Jacobite rising of 1745]], the steady degradation of clan structures, and the [[Highland Clearances]]. Even higher rates of emigration occurred after these times of social upheaval.{{efn|The ready availability of steamships for travel across the Atlantic greatly changed the economics of emigration. By 1870, the vast majority of those emigrating to North America traveled in steamships, whilst in the first half of the 1860s around 45% went in sailing ships. Whilst ticket prices were higher for steam, the length of the journey was substantially less (by sail, a voyage could be 6 weeks {{endash}} by the early part of the 20th century a steamship could take as little as 7 days). This was time that was not spent earning money - so the economics was strongly in favor of steamships.<ref name="Devine 2018">{{cite book |last1=Devine |first1=T M |title=The Scottish Clearances: A History of the Dispossessed, 1600–1900|date=2018 |publisher=Allen Lane |location=London |isbn=978-0241304105}}</ref>{{rp|page=212}}}} In the 1920s, Scotland experienced a reduction in total population of 0.8%, totally absorbing the natural population increase of 7.2%: the U.S. and Canada were the most common destinations of these emigrants.{{efn|From 1919 to 1938, out of a total of 494,093 emigrants from Scotland, 40% went to Canada and 36% to the United States. There was some reverse flow of emigrants; in the same period 49,714 people emigrated from the U.S. to Scotland {{endash}} the presumption being that most are returning emigrants. For reference, the population of Scotland in 1911 was 4,472,103.<ref name="Devine 2012">{{cite book |last1=Devine |first1=T. M. |title=To the ends of the earth : Scotland's global diaspora, 1750-2010 |date=2012 |publisher=Penguin |location=London |isbn=978-0-24-196064-6}}</ref>{{rp|85}}<ref name="Harper 1998">{{cite book |last1=Harper |first1=Marjory |title=Emigration from Scotland between the wars: opportunity or exile? |date=1998 |publisher=Manchester University Press |location=Manchester |isbn=9780-7190-8046-3}}</ref>{{rp|page=6}}}}{{r|Harper 1998|p=6}}
==Numbers==
The table shows the ethnic Scottish population in the British colonies from 1700 to 1775. In 1700 the total population of the colonies was 250,888, of whom 223,071 (89%) were white and 3.0% were ethnically Scottish.<ref name="books.google.es">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xf4FAAAAQBAJ&q=the+european+ancestry+of+the+united+states+population+thomas+l+purvis+80%25+english+and+welsh&pg=PA96|title=The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People|first1=Paul S.|last1=Boyer|first2=Clifford E.|last2=Clark|first3=Karen|last3=Halttunen|first4=Joseph F.|last4=Kett|first5=Neal|last5=Salisbury|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Cengage Learning|via=Google Books|isbn=9781111786090}}</ref><ref name="Colonial America To 1763">
{|class="sort wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
!colspan=6| Composition of the American Colonies<ref name="Boyer et. al p. 99">{{cite book|title=The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People|first1=Paul S.|last1=Boyer|first2=Clifford E.|last2=Clark|first3=Karen|last3=Halttunen|first4=Joseph F.|last4=Kett|first5=Neal|last5=Salisbury|first6=Harvard|last6=Sitkoff|first7=Nancy|last7=Woloch|year=2013|publisher=[[Cengage|Cengage Learning]]|page=99|edition=8th|isbn=978-1133944522}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dalhousielodge.org/Thesis/scotstonc.htm|title=Scots to Colonial North Carolina Before 1775|website=Dalhousielodge.org|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-date=February 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219045151/http://www.dalhousielodge.org/Thesis/scotstonc.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1930census.com/united_states_federal_census.php|title=U.S. Federal Census : United States Federal Census : US Federal Census|website=1930census.com|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" |1700
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=== 1790 population of Scottish and Scotch-Irish origin by state ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
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* [[Oregon]] (4.0%)
The [[metropolitan statistical area|metropolitan]] and [[micropolitan area
* [[Watauga County, North Carolina|Boone, NC]] (9.1% of micropolitan area population)
* [[Washington County, Vermont|Barre, VT]] and [[Sevier County, TN|Sevierville, TN]] (8.3% each)
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====2020 population of Scottish ancestry by state====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
▲|+ {{small|{{flagicon|Scotland}}Estimated Scottish American population by state{{flagicon|USA}}}}<ref name="ACS2020states">{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0100000US%240400000&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006|title=Table B04006 - People Reporting Ancestry - 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, All States|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=October 20, 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717015112/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0100000US%240400000&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006|archive-date=July 17, 2022}}</ref><ref name="ACS2020">{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006|title=Table B04006 - People Reporting Ancestry - 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=October 20, 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713211542/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006|archive-date= July 13, 2022}}</ref>
! style="text-align:center; background-color:#9dbec3;"|'''State'''
! style="text-align:center; background-color:#9dbec3;"|'''Number'''
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In the early years of [[Spanish colonization of the Americas]], a Scot named Tam Blake spent 20 years in [[Colombia]] and [[Mexico]]. He took part in the conquest of [[New Kingdom of Granada|New Granada]] in 1532 with [[Pedro de Heredia#Inland Expeditions and Trials of Residence|Alonso de Heredia]]. He arrived in Mexico in 1534–5, and joined [[Francisco Vázquez de Coronado|Coronado]]'s 1540 expedition to the [[Southwestern United States|American Southwest]].<ref name="Hewitson">Jim Hewitson, ''Tam Blake & Co.: The Story of the Scots in America'' (Edinburgh: Orion, 1993), pp. 12-13.</ref><ref name="Ref_f">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 11.</ref>
===Traders===
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By the 1670s [[Glasgow]] was the main outlet for Virginian [[tobacco]], in open defiance of English [[Navigation Acts|restrictions on colonial trade]]; in return the colony received Scottish manufactured goods, emigrants and ideas.<ref name=USA/><ref name="Ref_h">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 18, 19.</ref> In the 1670s and 1680s [[Presbyterian]] [[Dissenter]]s fled persecution by the [[Cavalier|Royalist]] [[Privy Council of Scotland|privy council]] in [[Edinburgh]] to settle in [[South Carolina]] and [[New Jersey]], where they maintained their distinctive religious culture.<ref name=USA/>
Trade between Scotland and the American colonies was finally regularized by the parliamentary [[Acts of Union 1707|Act of Union]] of Scotland and England in 1707. [[
More than 50,000 Scots, principally from the west coast,<ref name=USA/> settled in the [[Thirteen Colonies]] between 1763 and 1776, the majority of these in their own communities in the [[Southern United States|South]],<ref name="Fry, p. 20"/> especially [[North Carolina]], although Scottish individuals and families also began to appear as professionals and artisans in every American town.<ref name=USA/> Scots arriving in [[Florida]] and the [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast]] traded extensively with [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]].<ref name="Ref_i">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 41.</ref>
===Settlers===
Highland Scots started arriving in North America in the 1730s. Unlike their Lowland and Ulster counterparts, the Highlanders tended to cluster together in self-contained communities, where they maintained their distinctive cultural features such as the [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]] language and [[piobaireachd]] music. Groups of Highlanders existed in coastal Georgia (mainly immigrants from Inverness-shire) and the Mohawk Valley in New York (from the West Highlands). By far the largest Highland community was centered on the [[Cape Fear River]], which saw a stream of immigrants from Argyllshire, and, later, other regions such as the [[Isle of Skye]]. Highland Scots were overwhelmingly loyalist in the Revolution.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Meyer|first1=Duane|title=The Highland Scots of North Carolina|year=1963|url=https://archive.org/details/highlandscotsofn1963meye}}</ref> Distinctly Highland cultural traits persisted in the region until the 19th century, at which point they were assimilated into Anglo-American culture.
The [[Ulster Scots people|Ulster Scots]], known as the Scots-Irish (or Scotch-Irish) in North America, were descended from people originally from
===Folk and gospel music===
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[[File:Unclesamwantyou.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Uncle Sam|"Uncle Sam" Wilson]] was based on [[Samuel Wilson]].]]
[[Uncle Sam]] is the [[national personification]] of the [[United States]], and sometimes more specifically of the [[American government]], with the first usage of the term dating from the [[War of 1812]].
The American icon Uncle Sam, who is known for embodying the American spirit, was based on a businessman from [[Troy, New York]], [[Samuel Wilson]], whose parents sailed to America from [[Greenock]], [[Scotland]], has been officially recognized as the original Uncle Sam. He provided the army with beef and pork in barrels during the War of 1812. The barrels were prominently labeled "U.S." for the United States, but it was jokingly said that the letters stood for "Uncle Sam." Soon, Uncle Sam was used as shorthand for the federal government.{{
===Emigrants and free traders===
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===Soldiers and statesmen===
More than 160,000 Scottish emigrants migrated to the U.S., American statesmen of Scottish descent in the early Republic included [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] [[Henry Knox]], and [[President of the United States|President]] [[James Monroe]]. [[Andrew Jackson]] and [[James K. Polk]] were Scotch-Irish presidents and products of the frontier in the period of [[History of the United States (1789–1849)#Westward expansion|Westward expansion]]. Among the most famous Scottish American soldier frontiersmen was [[Sam Houston]], founding father of [[Texas]].{{
Other Scotch-Irish presidents included [[James Buchanan]], [[Chester Alan Arthur]], [[William McKinley]] and [[Richard M. Nixon]], [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (through his mother), [[Woodrow Wilson]], [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], and [[Ronald Reagan]] were of Scottish descent.<ref name="Ref_v">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 53.</ref> By one estimate, 75% of U.S. presidents could claim some Scottish ancestry.<ref name="Ref_w">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 60-61.</ref>
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[[File:Harley Davidson founders.jpg|thumb|upright|Clockwise top left: [[William S. Harley]], William A. Davidson, Walter Davidson Sr., [[Arthur Davidson (motorcycling)|Arthur Davidson]]]]
[[Harley-Davidson]] Inc<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/HOG:US |title=HOG:New York Stock Quote - Harley-Davidson Inc |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=2012-04-07}}</ref>
===Aviation===
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===Computing===
Scottish Americans [[Howard Aiken]] and [[Grace Murray Hopper]] created the first automatic sequence computer in 1939.<ref name=computing/> Hopper was also the co-inventor of the [[computer language]] [[COBOL]].<ref name=computing/>
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[[File:MHPB New York.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tartan Day]] parade in New York City]]
[[Tartan Day|National Tartan Day]], held each year on April 6 in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]], celebrates the historical links between Scotland and [[North America]] and the contributions [[Scottish people|Scottish]] Americans and Canadians have made to U.S. and Canadian [[democracy]], industry and society. The date of April 6 was chosen as "the anniversary of the [[Declaration of Arbroath]] in 1320—the inspirational document, according to [[U.S. Senate]] Resolution 155, 1999, upon which the [[American Declaration of Independence]] was modeled".<ref name="Ref_an">Edward J. Cowan, "Tartan Day in America", in Celeste Ray (ed.), ''The Transatlantic Scots'' (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2005), p. 318.</ref>
Scottish Heritage Month is also promoted by community groups around the United States and Canada.<ref name="Ref_ao">[http://www.electricscotland.com/history/articles/ncscotsmonth.htm National Scots, Scots-Irish Heritage Month in the USA], ElectricScotland.com</ref>
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===Scottish Festivals===
[[File:Massed Bands, 2005 Pacific Northwest Highland Games.jpg|thumb|Massed bands at the 2005 Pacific Northwest Highland Games<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sshga.org|title=Seattle Scottish Highland Games Association|website=Sshga.org}}</ref>]]
[[Scottish culture]], food, and athletics are celebrated at [[Highland Games]] and Scottish festivals throughout [[North America]]. The largest of these occurs yearly at [[Pleasanton, California]], [[Grandfather Mountain]], [[North Carolina]] and [[Estes Park, Colorado]]. There are also other notable Scottish Festivals in cities like [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]], [[Ventura, California]] at the Seaside Highland Games, [[Atlanta, Georgia]] (at [[Stone Mountain Park]]), [[San Antonio, Texas]] and [[St. Louis, Missouri]]. In addition to traditional Scottish sports such as [[caber toss|tossing the caber]] and the [[hammer throw]], there are [[whisky]] tastings, traditional foods such as [[haggis]], [[Bagpipes]] and [[Drums]] competitions, [[Celtic rock]] musical acts and traditional Scottish dance.{{
===Scottish Gaelic language in the United States===
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| image4 = 20 Chester Arthur 3x4.jpg| caption4 = [[Chester A. Arthur]]
| image5 = Wmckinley.jpeg| caption5 = [[William McKinley]]
| image6 =
| image7 = President Wilson 1919.jpg| caption7 = [[Woodrow Wilson]]
| image8 = FDR 1944 Color Portrait.jpg| caption8 = [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
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| image11 = James Earl "Jimmy" Carter - NARA - 558522.jpg| caption11 = [[Jimmy Carter]]
| image12 = Official Portrait of President Reagan 1981.jpg| caption12 = [[Ronald Reagan]]
| image13 = George H. W. Bush
| image14 = George-W-Bush.jpeg|caption14 = [[George W. Bush]]
| image15 = Donald Trump official portrait (cropped).jpg| caption15 = [[Donald Trump]]
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:43rd President 2001-2009: His great-great-great-great-grandmother, Catherine Walker (née McLelland), was Scottish.
;[[Barack Obama]] (Scotch-Irish, English and Kenyan)
:44th President 2009-2017: The ancestry of his mother's family is partially Scotch-Irish.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scotland.org/about-scotland/scotland-around-the-world/scotland-and-the-usa|title=Scotland and the USA | Scotland.org|website=Scotland|access-date=August 7, 2020|archive-date=March 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327214931/https://www.scotland.org/about-scotland/scotland-around-the-world/scotland-and-the-usa|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/us-presidents-strongest-scottish-roots-1481615|title=The US presidents with the strongest Scottish roots|website=www.scotsman.com|date=March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/obama-discovers-his-scots-irish-roots-to-tackle-trump|title=Obama discovers his Scots-Irish roots to tackle Trump | IrishCentral.com|date=July 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/07/28/our-first-black-president-just-played-up-his-scots-irish-heritage-and-it-has-everything-to-do-with-trump/| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160729164716/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/07/28/our-first-black-president-just-played-up-his-scots-irish-heritage-and-it-has-everything-to-do-with-trump/| archive-date = 2016-07-29| title = Our first black president plays up his Scots-Irish heritage — and it has everything to do with Trump - The Washington Post| newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]}}
;[[Donald Trump]] (Scottish and German)
:45th President: His mother, [[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary Anne MacLeod]], was born in the village of [[Tong, Lewis|Tong]], [[Isle of Lewis]], and emigrated to the U.S. in 1930.<ref name="Trump">{{cite news| title = Donald Trump beats Clinton to White House| url = http://www.stornowaygazette.co.uk/news/donald-trump-beats-clinton-to-white-house-1-4282650| publisher = Stornoway Gazette|date=2016-11-09| access-date = 2016-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/09/donaldtrump.scotland|title='I feel Scottish', says Donald Trump on flying visit to mother's cottage|last=Carrell|first=Severin|date=June 9, 2008|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=July 1, 2020}}</ref>
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==Scottish placenames==
{{
{{multiple image
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**[[Perth, Indiana|Perth]]
**[[Edinburgh, Indiana|Edinburgh]]
*Kansas
**[[Dundee, Kansas|Dundee]]
*Kentucky
**[[Glasgow, Kentucky|Glasgow]]
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==See also==
{{Portal|Scotland|United States}}
*[[Scottish diaspora]]
*Americans
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[[Category:American people of Scottish descent|*]]
[[Category:British-American history| Scottish]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Scottish-American history| Scottish]]
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