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[[File:Vladimir Putin and Ali Khamenei (2018-09-07) 01.jpg|thumb| Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] (L) with Iranian Supreme Leader [[Ali Khamenei]] (R) during a [[state visit]] to [[Tehran]],
Relations between the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] and the [[Safavid Iran|Persian Empire]] ([[Iran]]) officially commenced in 1521, with the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavids]] in power.<ref name="academia.edu">{{cite
Until 1720, on the surface, relations between Iran and Russia were largely friendly and the two operated on a level of equity.<ref name="Matthee333">{{cite journal |last1=Matthee |first1=Rudi |title=Rudeness and Revilement: Russian–Iranian Relations in the Mid-Seventeenth Century |journal=Iranian Studies |date=2013 |volume=46 |issue=3 |page=333 |doi=10.1080/00210862.2012.758500|s2cid=145596080 }}</ref> After 1720, with [[Peter the Great]]'s [[Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)|attack on Iran]] and the establishment of the [[Russian Empire]], the first of a long series of campaigns was initiated against Iran and the [[Caucasus]].<ref name="Matthee333"/> The Russian Empire had an oppressive role in Iran during the 19th and early 20th centuries which harmed Iran's development, and during most of the ensuing [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] period, the shadow of the "big northern neighbour" continued to impend.<ref name="VolkovJournal">{{cite journal |last1=Volkov |first1=Denis V. |title=Bringing democracy into Iran: a Russian project for the separation of Azerbaijan |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |date=2022 |volume=58 |issue=6 |page=1 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2022.2029423|s2cid=246923610 }}</ref> Since the fall of the Soviet Union, the two
Militarily, Iran is the only country in Western Asia that has been invited (in 2007) to join the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]], the Russia-based international treaty organization that parallels [[NATO]].<ref name="lin15">{{cite news |last1=Lin |first1=Christina |title=Iran UN Sanctions Relief – The Road Towards S-400 and Deterring US/Israeli Airstrikes? |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/188051/321_Lin.pdf |work=321 |publisher=ISPSW Strategy Series |date=February 2015}}</ref> As soon as he became president, [[Vladimir Putin]] pursued close friendship with [[Iran]] and deepened Russian military cooperation with Iran and [[Syria]]. In 2015, Putin ordered a [[Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war|military intervention]] in Syria, supporting the [[Assad dynasty|Assad]] regime and its Iranian allies with an [[Aerial bombing of cities|aerial bombing campaign]] against the [[Syrian opposition]]. While much of the Iranian military uses Iranian-manufactured weapons and domestic hardware, Iran still purchases some weapons systems from Russia. In turn, Iran assisted Russia with its drone technology and other military technology during its [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Reuters |date=2022-07-11 |title=White House: Iran preparing to supply Russia with drones |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/white-house-iran-preparing-supply-russia-with-drones-2022-07-11/ |access-date=2022-07-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Borshchevskaya |first=Anna |title=Putin's War in Syria |publisher=I. B. Tauris |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-7556-3463-7 |location=50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK |pages=2, 53, 55, 132, 149, 156}}</ref>
Iran has its embassy in [[Moscow]] and [[consulates]] in the cities of [[Astrakhan]] and [[Kazan]]. Russia has its embassy in [[Tehran]], and consulates in [[Rasht]] and [[Isfahan]].
==History==
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[[File:Derbent winter.jpg|thumb|[[Derbent]] is renowned for the [[Sassanid|Sassanid Iranian]] fortress, a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].]]
Contacts between [[Russians]] and [[History of Iran|Persians]] have a long history, extending back more than a millennium.<ref name="iranicaonline.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/russia-i-relations|title=RUSSIA i. Russo-Iranian Relations up to the Bolshevik Revolution|website=Iranicaonline.org|access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> There were known commercial exchanges as early as the 8th century AD between Persia and Russia.<ref name="academia.edu"/> They were interrupted by the Mongol invasions in the 13th and 14th centuries, but started up again in the 15th century with the rise of the state of [[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Muscovy]]. In the 9th–11th century AD, there were repetitive raiding parties undertaken by [[Rus' (people)|the Rus']] between 864 and 1041 on the [[Caspian Sea]] shores of what
====Safavid Empire–Russian Tsardom/Empire====
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As a result of the major Anglo-Russian influence in Iran, at a high point, the central government in Tehran was left with no power to even select its own ministers without the approval of the Anglo-Russian consulates. [[Morgan Shuster]], for example, had to resign under British and Russian diplomatic pressure on the Persian government. Shuster's book ''The Strangling of Persia: Story of the European Diplomacy and Oriental Intrigue That Resulted in the Denationalization of Twelve Million Mohammedans'' is an account of this period, criticizing the policies of Russian and Britain in Iran.<ref>[[Morgan Shuster]], ''The Strangling of Persia: Story of the European Diplomacy and Oriental Intrigue That Resulted in the Denationalization of Twelve Million Mohammedans''. {{ISBN|0-934211-06-X}}</ref>
[[File:Liakhov.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Colonel [[V. Liakhov]] was notorious for shelling the [[Majles|National Iranian Assembly]] in 1911.]]▼
These, and a series of climaxing events such as the Russian shelling of Mashad's [[Goharshad Mosque]] in 1911, and the shelling of the [[Majles|Persian National Assembly]] by the Russian Colonel [[V. Liakhov]], led to a surge in widespread anti-Russian sentiments across the nation.
▲[[File:Liakhov.jpg|thumb|left|Colonel [[V. Liakhov]] was notorious for shelling the [[Majles|National Iranian Assembly]] in 1911.]]
===Soviet Union===
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As a result of the October Revolution, thousands of Russians fled the country, many to [[Russians in Iran|Persia]]. Many of these refugees settled in northern Persia creating their own communities of which many of their descendants still populate the country. Some notable descendants of these Russian refugees in Persia include the political activist and writer [[Marina Nemat]] and the former general and deputy chief of the [[Imperial Iranian Air Force]] [[Nader Jahanbani]], whose mother was a [[White émigré]].
Russian involvement however continued on with the establishment of the short-lived [[Persian Socialist Soviet Republic]] in 1920, supported by Azeri and Caucasian [[Bolshevik]] leaders. After the fall of this republic, in late 1921, political and economic relations were renewed. In the 1920s, trade between the Soviet Union and Persia reached again important levels. [[Baku]] played a particularly significant role as the venue for a trade fair between the USSR and the Middle East, notably Persia.<ref>{{
In 1921, Britain and the new Bolshevik government entered into an agreement that reversed the division of Iran made in 1907. The Bolsheviks returned all the territory back to Iran, and Iran once more had secured navigation rights on the Caspian Sea. This agreement to evacuate from Iran was made in the [[Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship (1921)]], but the regaining of Iranian territory did not protect the [[Qajar dynasty]] from a sudden ''coup d'état'' led by Colonel [[Reza Shah]].<ref name="Praeger Publishers"/>
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====Soviet Union–Islamic Republic (post 1979)====
The Soviet Union was the first state to recognize the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]], in February 1979.<ref name=jubin>{{cite journal|last=Goodarzi|first=Jubin M.|title=Syria and Iran: Alliance Cooperation in a Changing Regional Environment|journal=Middle East Studies|date=January 2013|volume=4|issue=2|pages=31–59|url=http://www.orsam.org.tr/en/enUploads/Article/Files/201331_makale2.pdf|access-date=6 August 2013}}</ref> During the [[Iran–Iraq War]], however, it supplied Iraqi leader [[Saddam Hussein]] with large amounts of conventional arms, ostensibly standing in opposition to the Iranian regime. Supreme Leader [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Ayatollah Khomeini]] deemed Islam principally incompatible with the [[communism|communist]] ideals (such as [[atheism]]) of the Soviet Union, leaving the similarly secular
After the war, in 1989, Iran made an arms deal with Soviet Union.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Russian Arms and Technology Transfers to Iran:Policy Challenges for the United States {{!}} Arms Control Association|url=https://armscontrol.org/act/2001-03/iran-nuclear-briefs/russian-arms-technology-transfers-iranpolicy-challenges-united|access-date=2020-09-09|website=armscontrol.org}}</ref> With the fall of the USSR, Tehran–Moscow relations experienced a sudden increase in diplomatic and commercial relations, and Russia soon inherited the Soviet-Iranian arms deals. By the mid-1990s, Russia had already agreed to continue work on developing [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear program]], with plans to finish constructing the [[nuclear reactor]] plant at [[Bushehr]], which had been delayed for nearly 20 years.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Nikdel |first1=Mohammad Ranjbar |title=Analyzing the (non) alignment with the UN, EU and US Sanctions against Iran in the foreign policies of the CIS states |date=2013 |hdl=1822/26023 |page=41 }}</ref>
===Russian Federation===
====Putin–Khamenei years====
[[File:Third GECF summit in Tehran 28.jpg|thumb|[[Hassan Rouhani]] and [[Vladimir
As tension between the United States and Iran escalates, the country is finding itself further pushed into an alliance with Russia, as well as [[China]]. Iran, like Russia, "views [[Turkey]]'s regional ambitions and the possible spread of some form of pan-Turkic ideology with suspicion".<ref>Herzig Edmund, ''Iran and the former Soviet South'', [[Royal Institute for International Affairs]], 1995, {{ISBN|1-899658-04-1}}, p.9</ref> Nevertheless, Russia has supported the Turkish and Azerbaijani [[Zangezur corridor]] plan, drawing a diplomatic rebuke from Iran in 2024.<ref>{{cite web|work=Iran International|title=Iran rebukes Russia over its policy shift on Zangezur corridor|date=2 September 2024|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202409022022}}</ref>
===Military===
{{see also|Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition}}
Prior to the Iranian revolution Iran's air fleet was entirely Western-made but in the 21st century [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Iran's Air Force]] and civilian air fleet are increasingly becoming domestically and Russian-built as the US and Europe continue to maintain [[sanctions against Iran|sanctions on Iran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4504434.stm |title=Middle East | Iran air safety hit by sanctions |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=2005-12-06 |access-date=2016-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/04/mar/1195.html |title=Iran to buy five TU 100-204 planes from Russia |publisher=Payvand.com |access-date=2016-10-22 |archive-date=23 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023050532/http://www.payvand.com/news/04/mar/1195.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=ain05>{{cite web |date=November 2005 |publisher=Aviation International News |url=http://www.ainonline.com/Publications/dubai/2005/d1iranp41.htm |title=Iran is captive market for Tu-204 |access-date=2006-07-15 |url-status=dead |first=Reuben |last=Johnson |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614070205/http://www.ainonline.com/Publications/Dubai/2005/d1iranp41.htm |archive-date=2006-06-14 }}</ref>
In May 2007 Iran was invited to join the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]], the Russia-based international treaty organization that parallels [[NATO]].<ref name="lin15"/><ref name="valvo12">{{cite news |last1=Valvo |first1=Giovanni |title=Syria, Iran And The Future Of The CSTO – Analysis |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/14122012-syria-iran-and-the-future-of-the-csto-analysis/ |publisher=Eurasia Review |date=14 December 2012}}</ref> The invitation came from the desk of then CSTO Secretary-General [[Nikolai Bordyuzha]], who said that "the CSTO is an open organization. If Iran applies in accordance with our charter, we will consider the application." It was stated by a Western observer that the accession failed "basically due to the ayatollahs’ opposition to join a military bloc clearly dominated by a traditionally rival power of Iran such as Russia."<ref name=valvo12/> Another Western observer points out that, like NATO, CSTO has a mutual defense treaty clause whereby attack against one is considered an attack against all and was concerned about the difficulty posed by a possible conflagration of the Iran-Israel variety.<ref name=lin15/> In November 2014 [[Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki]] head [[Sergey Naryshkin]] floated the idea of admitting Iran as an observer to the [[CSTO Parliamentary Assembly]].<ref name=lin15/><ref name="tass6n">{{cite news |title=Iran, other states might become observers at CSTO parliamentary assembly — Naryshkin |url=https://tass.com/world/758407 |publisher=TASS |date=6 November 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Shahed 191 and Shahed 129 - SAT.jpg|left|thumb|Russian delegation viewing Iranian drones, including the [[Shahed 129]] and the [[Shahed Saegheh]], at Kashan Airfield in June 2022 during the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]]]
In 2010, Iran's refusal to halt uranium enrichment led the [[UN]] to pass
[[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]], the president of Iran at the time, criticised Russia for [[kowtowing#Diplomacy|kowtowing]] to the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.almanar.com.lb/newssite/NewsDetails.aspx?id%3D160753%26language%3Den |title=Al-ManarTV:: Ahmadinejad Slams Russia for US "Sell out" over S-300 03/11/2010 |access-date=2010-11-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113045520/http://www.almanar.com.lb/NewsSite/NewsDetails.aspx?id=160753&language=en |archive-date=2010-11-13 }}</ref> As a result of the cancellation, Iran brought suit against Russia in Swiss court and in response to the lawsuit Russia threatened to withdraw diplomatic support for Iran in the nuclear dispute.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
Since the outbreak of the [[Syrian civil war]] in 2011, Iran and Russia have become the Syrian government's principal allies in the conflict, openly providing armed support. Meanwhile, Russia's own relations with the West plummeted due to the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]], the [[Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal|2018 Skripal poisoning incident]] in Great Britain, and alleged Russian interference with Western politics, prompting the U.S. and Europe to retaliate with sanctions against Russia. As a result, Russia has shown a degree willingness to ally with Iran militarily. Following the [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|JCPOA]] agreement, President [[Vladimir Putin]] lifted the S-300 ban in 2015 and the deal for the missile defense system to Iran was revived.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Russia Ban On S-300s To Iran Lifted|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/putin-lifts-ban-on-supplies-of-s-300-missiles-to-iran/26953172.html|access-date=2021-11-18|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=13 April 2015 |language=en}}</ref> The delivery was completed in November 2016 and was to be followed by a $10 billion deal that included helicopters, planes and artillery systems.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Russia Completes S-300 Delivery to Iran {{!}} Arms Control Association|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2016-11/news-briefs/russia-completes-s-300-delivery-iran|access-date=2021-11-18|website=www.armscontrol.org}}</ref>▼
▲Since the outbreak of the [[Syrian
In January 2021 Iran, China and Russia held their third joint naval exercise, the third joint exercise of the three countries, in the northern [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Sea of Oman]] area. The joint exercise of the three countries began in 2019 in the Indian Ocean.<ref>{{Cite news|title=India Iran, China and Russia hold naval drills in north Indian Ocean|website=[[Reuters]] |date=21 January 2022 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/iran-china-russia-hold-naval-drills-north-indian-ocean-2022-01-21/}}</ref>
In early 2024, amid concerns of vastly increased military engagement between the two partners, rumours abounded that Russia had sold to Iran their [[Su-35]] platform.<ref name="stim1">{{cite news |date=6 March 2024 |url=https://www.stimson.org/2024/iran-and-russia-enter-a-new-level-of-military-cooperation/ |title=Iran and Russia Enter a New Level of Military Cooperation • Stimson Center }}</ref><ref name="ni1">{{cite news |date=13 February 2024 |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/iran-could-soon-be-flying-russias-su-35-flanker-e-fighter-jet-209328 |title=Iran Could Soon be Flying Russia's Su-35 Flanker-E Fighter Jet }}</ref><ref name="ac1">{{cite news |date=19 April 2024 |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/iran-israel-drones-missiles-operation-true-promise/ |title=Iran once had air inferiority. After its attack on Israel, it flies high }}</ref> This followed a 2023 report that the partners had finalized a deal for Su-35, [[Mi-28]] and [[Yak-130]].<ref name="msn1">{{cite news| title=Signal: Iran finalises receipt of Sukhoi Su-35 jets from Russia|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/signal-iran-finalises-receipt-of-sukhoi-su-35-jets-from-russia/ar-AA1kK09N}}</ref>
====Ukraine war====
{{Seealso|Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
[[File:Meeting between Putin and Khamenei 6.jpeg|thumb|Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] (right) meeting with Iranian Supreme Leader [[Ali Khamenei]] (left) and former Iranian President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] (far right) in Tehran, 19 July 2022]]
[[File:Destructions in Sumy after Russian attack, 2024-03-13 (51).jpg|thumb|Residential building in [[Sumy
According to the United States, Russia sought to acquire drones from Iran during the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]], with a Russian delegation visiting Kashan Airfield south of Tehran
According to various media outlets, as of 2023,
In August 2023, The [[White House]]
===Trade===
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In addition to their trade and cooperation in hydrocarbons, Iran and Russia have also expanded trade ties in many non-energy sectors of the economy, including a large agriculture agreement in January 2009 and a telecommunications contract in December 2008.<ref name='IR'>{{cite web|url=http://tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=213679|title=Tehran Times|date=3 February 2010|access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> In July 2010, Iran and Russia signed an agreement to increase their cooperation in developing their energy sectors. Features of the agreement include the establishment of a joint oil exchange, which with a combined production of up to 15 million barrels of oil per day has the potential to become a leading market globally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-Aug10.pdf |title=Iran Investment Monthly Aug 2010.pdf |website=Turquoisepartners.com |access-date=2016-10-22 |archive-date=2012-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123035345/http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-Aug10.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Gazprom]] and [[Lukoil]] have become increasingly involved in the development of [[Petroleum industry in Iran|Iranian oil and gas projects]].
In 2005, Russia was the seventh largest trading partner of Iran, with 5.33% of all exports to Iran originating from Russia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/06/may/1046.html |title=The Cost of Economic Sanctions on Major Exporters to Iran |website=Payvand.com |access-date=2016-10-22 |archive-date=9 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709163548/http://www.payvand.com/news/06/may/1046.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Trade relations between the two increased from US$1 billion in 2005 to $3.7 billion in 2008.<ref name='IR'/> Motor vehicles, fruits, vegetables, glass, textiles, plastics, chemicals, hand-woven carpet, stone and plaster products were among the main Iranian non-oil goods exported to Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3414/html/economy.htm#s383292|title=Economy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115184432/http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3414/html/economy.htm#s383292 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2021-01-15 |access-date=2009-06-07 }}</ref>
In 2014, relations between Russia and Iran increased as both countries are under U.S. sanctions and were seeking new trade partners. The two countries signed a historic US$20 billion [[oil for goods]] deal in August 2014.<ref name=vpdt>{{cite news|title=Vladimir Putin signs historic $20bn oil deal with Iran to bypass Western sanctions |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/11014604/Vladimir-Putin-signs-historic-20bn-oil-deal-with-Iran-to-bypass-Western-sanctions.html|access-date=7 August 2014|date=2014-08-06|last1=Trotman|first1=Andrew |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] }}</ref><ref name=rinbc>{{cite web|title=Russia and Iran strike oil agreement|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/101899870#.|website=[[CNBC.com]]|access-date=7 August 2014|date=2014-08-06}}</ref><ref name=jsir>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-russia-oil-idUSBREA311K520140402|title=Iran, Russia working to seal $20 billion oil-for-goods deal: sources|author=Jonathan Saul and Parisa Hafezi|date=2 April 2014|work=Reuters|access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref>
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===Islands in the Strait of Hormuz===
On 14 July 2023, the Russian Minister of Foreign Relations supported the UAE claim on islands in the [[Strait of Hormuz]] and used the term 'Arabian gulf' instead of [[Persian Gulf]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/12/iran-at-odds-with-allied-russia-after-moscow-backs-uae-in-island-dispute.html | title=Iran at odds with allied Russia after Moscow backs UAE in island dispute | website=[[CNBC]] | date=12 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite
In December 2023, Iran condemned further Russian statements in support of the UAE's claim.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202312217295 | title=Iran Irked by Russia Siding with UAE on Persian Gulf Islands }}</ref>
== Sanctions ==
Both [[Russia]] and [[Iran]] are subject to international sanctions, and each extended period of sanctions seems to improve the relationship between them. This, however, has changed somewhat following the imposition of sanctions against both Russia and Iran. Improving the countries’ respective ties with the
== Polls ==
According to 2015 data from [[Pew Research Center]], 54% of Russians have a negative opinion of Iran, with 34% expressing a positive opinion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Indicators Database|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/database/|access-date=2022-01-31|website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project|date=21 November 2011 |language=en-US}}</ref> According to a 2013 [[BBC World Service]] poll, 86% of Russians view Iran's influence positively, with 10% expressing a negative view.<ref>[http://www.globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2013_country_ratings/2013_country_rating_poll_bbc_globescan.pdf 2013 World Service Poll] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010192245/http://www.globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2013_country_ratings/2013_country_rating_poll_bbc_globescan.pdf |date=2015-10-10 }} ''[[BBC]]''</ref> A [[Gallup poll]] from the end of 2013 showed Iran ranked as sixth greatest threat to peace in the world according to Russian view (3%), after United States (54%), China (6%), Iraq (5%), and Syria (5%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/126/file/126.pdf|title=End of year 2013 : Russia|website=Wingia.com|access-date=2016-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065504/http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/126/file/126.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>
According to a December 2018 survey by IranPoll, 63.8% of Iranians have a favorable view of Russia, with 34.5% expressing an unfavorable view.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iranpoll.com/publications/state2018|title=State of Iran Survey Series|publisher=IranPoll|date=February 8, 2019}}</ref>
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* Blake, Kristen. ''The U.S.-Soviet confrontation in Iran, 1945-1962: a case in the annals of the Cold War'' (University Press of America, 2009).
* Cronin, Stephanie. ''Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions Since 1800''. Routledge, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0415624336}}.
* {{cite journal |last1=Deutschmann |first1=Moritz |title=
* Deutschmann, Moritz. ''Iran and Russian Imperialism: The Ideal Anarchists, 1800-1914''. Routledge, 2015. {{ISBN|978-1138937017}}.
* Esfandiary, Dina, and Ariane Tabatabai, eds. ''Triple Axis: Iran's Relations with Russia and China'' (I. B. Tauris, 2018). 256 pages.
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* Sicker, Martin. ''The Bear and the Lion: Soviet Imperialism and Iran'' (Praeger, 1988).
* {{cite journal |last1=Ter-Abrahamian |first1=Hrant |title=On the Formation of the National Identity of the Talishis in Azerbaijan Republic |journal=Iran and the Caucasus|publisher=Brill |date=2005 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=121–144 |doi=10.1163/1573384054068132}}
* {{cite thesis |last1=Therme |first1=Clément |title=Les relations entre Téhéran et Moscou depuis 1979 |date=2012 |doi=10.4000/books.iheid.902 |isbn=978-2-940415-94-6 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=ولی زاده |first1=اکبر |last2=صالحی |first2=محمد رضا |title=مؤلفههای تأثیرگذار بر همکاری امنیتی ایران و روسیه در آسیای مرکزی |trans-title=Effective Components within Iran-Russia Security Cooperation in Central Asia |language=ar |journal=مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی |date=March 2020 |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.22059/JCEP.2020.295455.449889 }}
* Volkov, Denis V. ''Russia’s Turn to Persia: Orientalism in Diplomacy and Intelligence'' (Cambridge UP, 2018)
* Whigham, Henry James. ''The Persian problem: an examination of the rival positions of Russia and Great Britain in Persia with some account of the Persian Gulf and the Bagdad Railway'' (1903) [https://books.google.com/books?id=TLkfAAAAMAAJ&dq=%27%27Russia+and+Britain+in+Persia,&pg=PR1 online].
* Zubok, Vladislav M. "[https://academic.oup.com/dh/article-abstract/44/1/22/5613851?redirectedFrom=fulltext Stalin, Soviet Intelligence, and the Struggle for Iran, 1945–53]." ''Diplomatic History'' 44#1 (2020) pp. 22–46
===2022
*{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/ukraine-war-what-new-missiles-is-iran-providing-to-russia-and-what-difference-will-they-make-193809|title=Ukraine war: what new missiles is Iran providing to Russia and what difference will they make?|work=Daniel Salisbury|date=3 November 2022 |publisher=The Conversation}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/iran-may-preparing-arm-russia-short-range-ballistic-missiles-rcna55101|title=Iran may be preparing to arm Russia with short-range ballistic missiles|work=Josh Lederman and Courtney Kube|date=November 2022 |publisher=NBC News}}
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