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{{Infobox punctuation mark|mark=⸮}}
'''Irony punctuation''' is any form of notation proposed or used to denote [[irony]] or [[sarcasm]] in written text. Written text, in [[English language|English]] and other languages, lacks a standard way to mark irony, and several forms of [[punctuation]] have been proposed to fill the gap. The oldest is the '''percontation point''' in the form of a reversed [[question mark]] ('''{{serif|⸮}}'''), proposed by English printer [[Henry Denham]] in the 1580s for marking [[rhetorical question]]s, which can be a form of irony. Specific '''irony marks''' have also been proposed, such as in the form of an open upward arrow (<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:70%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">△</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">|</sub></span>), used by [[Marcellin Jobard]] in the 19th century, and in a form resembling a reversed question mark ([[File:Point d'ironie de Alcanter de Brahm.svg|6px]]), proposed by French poet [[Alcanter de Brahm]] during the 19th century.
Irony punctuation is primarily used to indicate that a sentence should be understood at a second level. A bracketed [[Exclamation point#English|exclamation point]] or question mark as well as [[scare quotes]] are also occasionally used to express irony or sarcasm.
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===Pseudo-HTML Tags===
It is common in online conversation among some Internet users to use a fictitious closing tag patterned after [[HTML]]: <code><nowiki></sarcasm></nowiki></code>. Over time, it has evolved to lose the angle brackets (<code>/sarcasm</code>) and has subsequently been shortened to <code>/sarc</code> or <code>/s</code> (not to be confused with the valid HTML end tag <code><nowiki></s></nowiki></code> used to end a [[strikethrough|struck-through]] passage).<ref name="4fQFb">{{cite journal |last1=Khodak |first1=Mikhail |last2=Saunshi |first2=Nikunj |last3=Vodrahalli |first3=Kiran |title=A Large Self-Annotated Corpus for Sarcasm |journal=Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference |date=7–12 May 2018 |page=1 |url=http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2018/pdf/160.pdf |access-date=8 February 2019 |bibcode=2017arXiv170405579K |arxiv=1704.05579 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124222/http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2018/pdf/160.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Users of the website [[Reddit]] frequently denote sarcasm through the use of <code>/s</code>, as shorthand.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Positive Feedback Loops: Sarcasm and the Pseudo-Argument in Reddit Communities |url=https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8SX7R41 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Academic Commons - Columbia University Libraries |language=en |doi=10.7916/D8KD34QN |first1=Christopher |last1=Mueller |date=2016 }}</ref> This usage later evolved into [[tone indicator]]s.
=== Paired punctuation ===
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=== Capitalization patterns ===
On the Internet, it is common to see [[Alternating caps|alternating uppercase and lowercase]] lettering to convey a mocking or sarcastic tone, often
=== Emoji and emoticons ===
Typing in all-capital letters, and [[emoticon]]s like "Rolling eyes" ({{emoji|name=rolling_eyes}}), "<code>:></code>", and "<code>:P</code> / {{emoji|name=stuck_out_tongue}}, as well as using the "victory hand" [[dingbat]] / [[emoji]] ({{emoji|270C}}) character to simulate air quotes, are often used as well, particularly in [[instant messaging]], while a [[Twitter]]-style [[hashtag]], <code>#sarcasm</code>, is also increasingly common.<ref name="qgPfM">{{cite journal |last1=Kunneman |first1=Florian |last2=Liebrecht |first2=Christine |last3=van Mulken |first3=Margot |last4=van den Bosch|first4=Antal |title=Signaling sarcasm: From hyperbole to hashtag |journal=Information Processing & Management |date=July 2015 |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=500–509 |doi=10.1016/j.ipm.2014.07.006|hdl=2066/148844 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
The upside-down face emoji ({{emoji|name=upside_down}}) is often used to convey sarcasm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=🙃 Upside-Down Face Emoji |url=https://emojipedia.org/upside-down-face/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Emojipedia |language=en}}</ref> However, it can also be understood to indicate a variety of subtle or concealed emotions. These can include annoyance, indignation, panic, mockery, and other more ambiguous feelings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kramer |first=Elise |date=2017-02-05 |title=The semiotics of the upside-down smiley 🙃 |url=https://elisekramer.com/2017/02/05/the-semiotics-of-the-upside-down-smiley-%f0%9f%99%83/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Ruthless Benedict |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The 🙃 Upside Down Emoji And Other Emojis To Get You Through The Day {{!}} 🏆 Emojiguide |url=https://emojiguide.com/blog/upside-down-emoji/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Emojiguide |language=en-US
In many gaming communities, the word "Kappa" is frequently used to display sarcasm as well as joking intent. This is due to the word acting as an emoticon on [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]], a livestreaming site, where it has gained popularity for such purpose.<ref name="0qcyu">{{cite web |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-a-former-twitch-employee-has-one-of-the-most-reproduced-faces-ever/ |title=How Kappa Became The Face Of Twitch |date=2015-10-21 |access-date=2018-02-05 |website=FiveThirtyEight |author=David Goldenberg |df=dmy-all |archive-date=2017-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026001422/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-a-former-twitch-employee-has-one-of-the-most-reproduced-faces-ever/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
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