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{{Short description|Federal subjects of Russia}}
{{About|the grouping of regions by a Presidentialpresidential Decreedecree|the federal constituent units|Federal subjects of Russia}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2014}}
 
[[File:Map of Russian districts.svg|thumb|400px|The eight federal districts of Russia]]
 
The '''federal districts''' ({{lang-rus|федеральные округа|p=fʲɪdʲɪˈralʲnɨjɪ ɐkrʊˈɡa}}) are groupings of the [[federal subjects of Russia|federal subjects]] of [[Russia]]. Federal districts are not mentioned in the nation's constitution, and do not have competences of their own, and do not manage regional affairs. They exist solely to monitor consistency between the federal and regional bodies of law, and ensuringensure governmental control over the civil service, judiciary, and federal agencies, operating in the regions.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Russell|first=Martin |url= https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2015/569035/EPRS_IDA(2015)569035_EN.pdf |title=Russia's constitutional structure|journal=[[European Parliamentary Research Service]] |publisher=[[European Parliament]]|date=October 2015|access-date=3 November 2021|isbn=978-92-823-8022-2 |doi=10.2861/664907}}</ref> The federal district system was established on 13 May 2000.
 
== List of federal districts ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Federal district<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Russia.html|title=Russia: Federal Districts and Major Cities|publisher=City Population|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/RUS/?levels=1+4&years=2021&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0|title=Sub-national HDI -– Area Database -– Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" | Date<br />established
! rowspan="2" | Area<ref name=area>{{cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b15_14p/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d01/01-01-1.doc |title=1.1. ОСНОВНЫЕ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ в 2014 г. |language=ru |trans-title=MAINMain SOCIOECONOMICSocioeconomic INDICATORSIndicators 2014 |work=Regions of Russia. Socioeconomic indicators -– 2015 |publisher=[[Russian Federal State Statistics Service]] |access-date=26 July 2016}}</ref><br />(km<sup>2</sup>)
! colspan="2" | [[2021 Russian census|2021 census]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2021)<ref name=hdi>{{cite web |title=Subnational Human Development Index (SD-201) (Russian Federation) |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/RUS/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&years=2019 |publisher=[[Radboud University Nijmegen]] |website = Global Data Lab |access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | [[Gross regional domestic product|GRDP]] (2022)<ref name=GDP>{{citation |url= https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/VRP_s_1998.xlsx
|title=Валовой региональный продукт по субъектам Российской Федерации в 2016-20222016–2022 гг.
|publisher= rosstat.gov.ru}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" | [[Federal subjects of Russia|Federal<br />subjects]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Administrative centre|Administrative<br />centre]]
! rowspan="2" | Map of federal district
|-
! data-sort-type="number"| Population
Line 26:
! Total
! Per capita
|-▼
| style="background:#fc8b8b;"| || style="text-align: left;" | [[Southern Federal District|Southern]]{{efn|group=district-list|Includes the [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Republic of Crimea]] and [[Sevastopol]], [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed by Russia in 2014]], as well as [[Donetsk People's Republic|Donetsk]], [[Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast|Kherson]], [[Luhansk People's Republic|Luhansk]], and [[Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast|Zaporizhia]] oblasts [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|annexed in 2022]]; recognized as parts of [[Ukraine]] by most of the international community.}}▼
| 1813 May 2000▼
| 427,800▼
| 16,746,000{{efn|group=district-list|Population figures from the Crimean Census in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.krymedia.ru/society/3365334-Results-of-Census-Population-of-Crimea-is-2284-Million-People |title= Results of Census: Population of Crimea is 2.284 Million People |access-date=2016-02-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104175105/http://en.krymedia.ru/society/3365334-Results-of-Census-Population-of-Crimea-is-2284-Million-People |archive-date=November 4, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Crimea was [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed]] by Russia in 2014, after the 2010 Russian Census.}}▼
| 39▼
| 0.799▼
| ₽9.816 trillion<br />(${{To USD|9816|RUS|year=2022|round=yes}} billion)▼
| ₽588,461<br />(${{To USD|588461|RUS|year=2022|round=yes}})▼
| 8▼
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Rostov-on-Don]]▼
| [[File:Outline Map of Southern Federal District (Crimea disputed).svg|100px|border]]▼
|-
| style="background:#aa6ca6;"| || style="text-align: left;" | [[North Caucasian Federal District|North Caucasian]]
Line 38 ⟶ 50:
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Pyatigorsk]]
| [[File:Outline Map of North Caucasian Federal District.svg|100px|border]]
▲|-
▲| style="background:#fc8b8b;"| || style="text-align: left;" | [[Southern Federal District|Southern]]{{efn|group=district-list|Includes the [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Republic of Crimea]] and [[Sevastopol]], [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed by Russia in 2014]], as well as [[Donetsk People's Republic|Donetsk]], [[Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast|Kherson]], [[Luhansk People's Republic|Luhansk]], and [[Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast|Zaporizhia]] oblasts [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|annexed in 2022]]; recognized as parts of [[Ukraine]] by most of the international community.}}
▲| 18 May 2000
▲| 427,800
▲| 16,746,000{{efn|group=district-list|Population figures from the Crimean Census in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.krymedia.ru/society/3365334-Results-of-Census-Population-of-Crimea-is-2284-Million-People |title= Results of Census: Population of Crimea is 2.284 Million People |access-date=2016-02-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104175105/http://en.krymedia.ru/society/3365334-Results-of-Census-Population-of-Crimea-is-2284-Million-People |archive-date=November 4, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Crimea was [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed]] by Russia in 2014, after the 2010 Russian Census.}}
▲| 39
▲| 0.799
▲| ₽9.816 trillion<br />(${{To USD|9816|RUS|year=2022|round=yes}} billion)
▲| ₽588,461<br />(${{To USD|588461|RUS|year=2022|round=yes}})
▲| 8
▲| style="text-align: left;" | [[Rostov-on-Don]]
▲| [[File:Outline Map of Southern Federal District (Crimea disputed).svg|100px|border]]
|-
| style="background:#ffff80; width:3em;"| || style="text-align: left;" | [[Central Federal District|Central]]
| 1813 May 2000
| 650,200
| 40,342,000
Line 64:
|-
| style="background:#62d2c5;"| || style="text-align: left;" | [[Northwestern Federal District|Northwestern]]
| 1813 May 2000
| 1,687,000
| 13,917,000
Line 76:
|-
| style="background:#37ce04;"| || style="text-align: left;" | [[Volga Federal District|Volga]]
| 1813 May 2000
| 1,037,000
| 28,943,000
Line 88:
|-
| style="background:#c7cb8f;"| || style="text-align: left;" | [[Ural Federal District|Ural]]
| 1813 May 2000
| 1,818,500
| 12,301,000
Line 100:
|-
| style="background:#01bee7;"| || style="text-align: left;" | [[Siberian Federal District|Siberian]]
| 1813 May 2000
|4,361,800
|16,793,000
Line 112:
|-
| style="background:#fece2c;"| || style="text-align: left;" | [[Far Eastern Federal District|Far Eastern]]
| 1813 May 2000
| 6,952,600
| 7,976,000
Line 155:
 
==History==
The federal districts of Russia were established by a decree issued by [[President of Russia|President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] inon 13 May 2000 to facilitate the federal government's taskcontrol of controlling the then 89 federal subjects across the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin decree creates seven federal districts |work=Monitor |volume=6 |issue=95 |location=Washington |publisher=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |date=15 May 2000 |url= https://jamestown.org/program/putin-decree-creates-seven-federal-districts/ |access-date=26 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Petrov |first=Nikolai |title=Seven Faces of Putin's Russia: Federal Districts as the New Level of State—TerritorialState–Territorial Composition|jstor=26298005|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]]|journal=[[Security Dialogue]] |volume=33 |number=1|date=March 2002|pages=73–91 |doi=10.1177/0967010602033001006 |s2cid=153455573}}</ref>
 
On 19 January 2010, the new North Caucasian Federal District split from the Southern Federal District.<ref name="FD"/>
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In March 2014, after the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]], the [[Crimean Federal District]] was established.<ref name="rbc">{{cite news|url=http://top.rbc.ru/politics/21/03/2014/912755.shtml|title=В России создан Крымский федеральный округ|publisher=RBC|date=March 21, 2014|access-date=March 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322220946/http://top.rbc.ru/politics/21/03/2014/912755.shtml|archive-date=March 22, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The legality of this annexation is disputed by an overwhelming majority of countries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/brookings-now/posts/2014/03/nato-secretary-general-russia-annexation-crimea-illegal-illegitimate|title=NATO Secretary-General: Russia's Annexation of Crimea Is Illegal and Illegitimate|date=March 19, 2014<!-- 02:49pm-->|access-date=September 29, 2014|publisher=[[Brookings Institution|Brookings]]}}</ref> On 28 July 2016 the Crimean Federal District was abolished and merged into the [[Southern Federal District]] in order to improve governance.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.interfax.ru/russia/520930|title=Крымский федеральный округ включен в состав Южного федерального округа|date=28 July 2016|publisher=[[Interfax]]|language=ru|access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref>
 
In November 2018, [[Buryatia]] and [[Zabaykalsky Krai]] were removedmoved from the [[Siberian Federal District]] and added to the [[Far Eastern Federal District]] in accordance with a decree issued by Putin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201811040002?index=0&rangeSize=1 |title=Официальныйi интернет-портал правовой информации|website=publication.pravo.gov.ru|access-date=2018-11-04|archive-date=February 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205162518/http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201811040002?index=0&rangeSize=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Administrative Centre of the Far Eastern Federal District relocated from [[Khabarovsk]] to [[Vladivostok]] in December 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://meduza.io/news/2018/12/13/putin-perenes-stolitsu-dalnevostochnogo-federalnogo-okruga-vo-vladivostok|title = Путин перенес столицу Дальневосточного федерального округа во Владивосток}}</ref>
 
==Presidential plenipotentiary envoys==
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**[[Vladimir Ustinov]] (since 12 May 2008)
*[[Northwestern Federal District]]
**[[Aleksandr Gutsan]] (since 7 November 2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=868482|title=Putin asks Federation Council to relieve Gutsan of office as deputy prosecutor general (Part 2) -– Interfax|website=www.interfax.com|access-date=2019-04-10|archive-date=April 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410221731/http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp%3Fid%3D868482|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Far Eastern Federal District]]
**[[Yury Trutnev]] (since 31 August 2013)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2013/08/31_a_5617873.shtml|script-title=ru:Дальнему Востоку подобрали нового управленца|last=Ульянова|first=Жанна|author2=Яна Милюкова|date=August 31, 2013|publisher=[[Gazeta.ru]]|language=ru|access-date=21 April 2014}}</ref>
Line 182:
 
==See also==
*[[Economic regions of Russia]], a similar grouping of the federal subjects of Russia, for economic and statistical purposes.
*[[List of countries and dependencies by area]]
*[[Military districts of Russia]], a similar grouping of federal subjects of Russia, for military purposes
*[[Zonal Councils of India]], a similar entity in [[India]] to a Russian federal districtentities
 
==References==
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_districts_of_Russia"