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'''Chiropractic education''' trains future [[chiropractic]] practitioners (chiropractors). The entry criteria, structure, teaching methodology and nature of chiropractic programs offered at chiropractic schools vary considerably around the world.
'''Chiropractic education''' trains students in [[chiropractic]].<ref name=InnesLeboeuf-Yde2016>{{cite journal|last1=Innes|first1=Stanley I.|last2=Leboeuf-Yde|first2=Charlotte|last3=Walker|first3=Bruce F.|title=Similarities and differences of graduate entry-level competencies of chiropractic councils on education: a systematic review|journal=Chiropractic & Manual Therapies|volume=24|issue=1|year=2016|page=1|issn=2045-709X|doi=10.1186/s12998-016-0084-0|pmc=4721112|pmid=26798453 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The entry criteria, structure, teaching methodology and nature of chiropractic programs offered at chiropractic schools vary considerably around the world.<ref name=WHO-guidelines>{{cite web | last=Organization | first=World Health | title=WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic | publisher=World Health Organization | date=2005 | url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/43352 | access-date=2024-06-14}}</ref> Students are trained in academic areas including scopes of practice, neurology, radiology, microbiology, psychology, ethics, biology, gross anatomy, biochemistry, spinal anatomy and more.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cce-usa.org/uploads/1/0/6/5/106500339/2021_cce_accreditation_standards__current_.pdf|title=July 2021 Accreditation requirements}} Council on Chiropractic Education, Retrieved 21 October 2021</ref> Prospective students are also usually trained in clinical nutrition, public health, pediatrics and other health or wellness related areas.
 
The entry criteria, structure, teaching methodology and nature of chiropractic programs offered at chiropractic schools vary considerably around the world, although in the United States programs are required to teach specific areas for accreditation purposes.
Chiropractic is currently formally regulated in approximately 60 countries although chiropractors are also practicing in several other countries where there is no formal legal recognition of the profession at this time {{Fact|date=April 2008}}. To help standardize and ensure quality of chiropractic education and patient safety, in 2005 the World Health Organization published the official guidelines for basic training and safety in chiropractic <ref>http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/Chiro-Guidelines.pdf</ref> Most commonly, chiropractors obtain a first professional, ''second entry'', degree in Chiropractic. Typically a 3 year university undergraduate education is required to apply for the chiropractic degree.<ref>http://www.ac-fpeh.com/PDF/academic/Chiropractic.pdf</ref><ref>[http://www.ccachiro.org/Client/cca/cca.nsf/web/Chiropractic%20Education?OpenDocument Chiropractic Education<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In general, the World Health Organization lists three major educational paths involving full‐time chiropractic education across the globe. This includes: 1 - 4 years of pre-requisite training in basic sciences at university level followed by a 4 year full‐time program; DC. A 5 year bachelor degree; BSc (Chiro). A 2 - 3 year Masters following a bachelor; MSc (Chiro).<ref name=WHO-guidelines/>
 
RegardlessA 2005 [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) [[guideline]] states regardless of the model of education utilized, prospective chiropractors without relevant prior health care education or experience, must spend no less than 4200 student/teacher contact hours (or the equivalent) in four years of full‐time education. This includes a minimum of 1000 hours of supervised clinical training. <ref name=WHO-guidelines>{{cite paper |author= World Health Organization |date=2005 |title= WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic |url=http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/Chiro-Guidelines.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-03-03}}</ref> HealthStudents professionalsmust withpass advancedboards clinicaladministered degrees,by suchthe asNational medicalBoard doctors,of canChiropractic canExaminers meet(NBCE) theto educationalbe and clinical requirementslicensed to practice asin a chiropractor in 2200 hours, which is most commonly done in countries where the profession is in its infancyU. <ref>http://wwwS.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/Chiro-Guidelines.pdf</ref> Uponstate meetingor allterritory. clinicalThe and didacticboards requirementsconsists of chiropracticparts schoolI, aII, degreeIII, inand chiropracticIV, isas granted.well However,as inother orderadditional totests legallyrequired practice,by chiropractors,state likeor allif [[regulated|selfdesired regulated]]by healthstudents caresuch professionals,as mustthe bephysiotherapy [[licensed]]exam.
 
==History==
All Chiropractic Examining Board requires all candidates to complete a 12 month clinical intership to obtain licensure. Licensure is granted following successful completion of all state/provincial and national board exams so long as the DC maintains [[malpractice]] insurance. Nonetheless, there still some variations in educational standards internationally depending on admission and graduation requirements. Chiropractic is regulated in North America by state/provincial [[statute]]. The regulatory colleges are responsible for protecting the public, standards of practice, disciplinary issues, quality assurance and maintenance of competency.<ref>[http://www.ccachiro.org/Client/cca/cca.nsf/web/Facts%20%26%20FAQs?OpenDocument Facts & FAQs<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
{{expand section|additional explanation on how the education changed over time and the straight/mixer schism as it pertained to educational differences - 21 October 2021|date=October 2021}}
In 1908, chiropractic education originally began with a few months of training for chiropractic [[spinal manipulation]]. Over the next several years it grew to 18 months of training. In the 1920s the education expanded again to include subjects such as anatomy, physiology and histology.<ref name=Smith-Cunnien1998/> It was not until the 1950s that chiropractic schools began requiring college coursework as a prerequisite for admission.<ref name=Smith-Cunnien1998/> While chiropractic education continued to expand its educational requirements, the education still varied between institutions due to there being no single regulatory agency overseeing chiropractic education. This changed in 1974, with the Council for Chiropractic Educate (CCE) being appointed as the official chiropractic accrediting agency.<ref name=Smith-Cunnien1998/>
 
As chiropractic grew, there were two distinct groups that emerged in the profession; Straights and Mixers. The Straights emphasized a [[vitalism|vitalistic]] philosophy and used spinal manipulation as their sole method of treatment.<ref name=History-Primer>{{cite web|title=Chiropractic history: a primer |author=Joseph C. Keating Jr. |author2=Cleveland CS III |author3=Menke M |url=http://www.historyofchiropractic.org/assets/documents/ChiroHistoryPrimer.pdf |year=2005 |access-date=2021-10-21 |publisher=Association for the History of Chiropractic |archive-date=19 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619204140/http://www.historyofchiropractic.org/assets/documents/ChiroHistoryPrimer.pdf}}</ref> They had the belief that all disease originated from the [[Vertebral subluxation|spine]]. Mixers utilized spinal manipulation, but in conjunction with other therapies such as physical therapy, nutrition, electrical muscle stimulation, and more.<ref name=History-Primer/> Mixer chiropractic schools offered more medical training, which initially resulted in significant controversy.<ref name=Smith-Cunnien1998>{{cite book|author=Susan L. Smith-Cunnien|title=A Profession of One's Own: Organized Medicine's Opposition to Chiropractic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pDobc-oGPbIC&pg=PA19|year=1998|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-0943-2|pages=19–}}</ref> In 1997, American chiropractic schools tended to have lower entry requirements than medical or dental schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chiroweb.com/archives/ahcpr/uschiros.PDF|title=Chiropractic in the United States: Training, Practice, and Research|last=Cherkin|author2=Mootz|year=1997|page=19|access-date=18 February 2013}}</ref> A 2005 report stated "Early chiropractic education included classes in some basic and clinical sciences along with philosophy of chiropractic."<ref name=Wyatt2005>{{cite journal|last=Wyatt|first=Lawrence H|author2=Stephen M Perle |author3=Donald R Murphy |author4=Thomas E Hyde |date=2005-07-07|title=The necessary future of chiropractic education: a North American perspective|journal=Chiropractic & Osteopathy|volume=13|issue=10|doi=10.1186/1746-1340-13-10|page=10|pmc=1181629|pmid=16001976 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==Chiropractic education, licensure, and regulation==
===United States===
Graduates of [[chiropractic schools]] receive the degree ''Doctor of Chiropractic (DC)'', are referred to as [[Doctor (title)|"doctor"]], and are eligible to seek licensure in all jurisdictions. The [[Council on Chiropractic Education]] (CCE) sets minimum guidelines for chiropractic colleges{{Fact|date=June 2008}}, but additional requirements may be needed for a license depending on the [[jurisdiction]] where a chiropractor chooses to practice.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} All 19 chiropractic institutions are accredited by the CCE.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} In 1991, the [[University of Bridgeport]] established its College of Chiropractic, becoming the first chiropractic school in the USA to be affiliated with a university.[http://www.bridgeport.edu/pages/3239.asp]
 
== Training ==
Students often enter chiropractic school with a Bachelor's degree, but, in 2005, only one chiropractic college required this as an admission requirement. [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1181629] The minimum prerequisite for enrollment in a chiropractic college set forth by the CCE is 90 semester hours, and the minimum cumulative GPA for a student entering is 2.50. Commonly required classes include: [[psychology]], [[biology]], [[organic chemistry|organic]] and [[inorganic chemistry]], and [[physics]]. Other common medical classes are: [[anatomy]] or [[embryology]], [[physiology]], [[microbiology]], [[diagnosis]], [[neurology]], [[x-ray]], [[orthopedics]], [[obstetrics]]/[[gynecology]], [[histology]], and [[pathology]]. Chiropractic programs require at least 4,200 hours of combined classroom, laboratory, and clinical experience. The last 2 years stress courses in manipulation and spinal adjustment{{Fact|date=June 2008}} and provide clinical experience in physical and laboratory diagnosis, [[orthopedics]], [[neurology]], [[geriatrics]], [[physiotherapy]], and [[nutrition]].
[[File:Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College.jpg|thumb|350px|Founded in 1945, the [[Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College]], in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]].]]
Chiropractic education consists of college- or university-based training and education in the field of [[chiropractic]] as well as various certificates, certifications, licenses and diplomas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/chiropractors.htm#tab-4|title=Chiropractors - How to Become One}} Bureau of Labor Statistics, Retrieved 21 October 2021</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.acatoday.org/Communities-Related-Organizations-American-Board-of-Chiropractic-Specialties|title=American Board of Chiropractic Specialties}} American Chiropractic Association, Retrieved 21 October 2021</ref> Regardless of the model of education utilized, prospective chiropractors without prior health care education or experience must spend no less than 4200 student/teacher contact hours (or the equivalent) in four years of full‐time education. This calculates out to 21 hours per week, using a standard 50-week year. This includes a minimum of 1000 hours of supervised clinical training.<ref name=WHO-guidelines/> The gross anatomy curricula of most chiropractic programs require students to spend time performing human cadaver dissection.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ball JJ, Petrocco-Napuli KL, Zumpano MP|title=An International Survey of Gross Anatomy Courses in Chiropractic Colleges|journal=J Chiropr Educ|volume=26|issue=2|pages=175–183|year=2012|doi=10.7899/jce-12-004|pmc=3557653|pmid=23362365}}</ref> Upon meeting all clinical and didactic requirements of chiropractic school, a degree in chiropractic is granted. However, in order to legally practice, chiropractors, like all [[regulated|self regulated]] health care professionals, must be [[licensed]]. Licensure is granted following successful completion of all state/provincial and national board exams so long as the chiropractor maintains [[malpractice]] insurance. Nonetheless, there are still some variations in educational standards internationally, depending on admission and graduation requirements. Chiropractic is regulated in North America by state/provincial [[statute]], and also—to some extent—by the Business and Professions Code (e.g., in the state of California)—and the Case Law. Further, it has been argued that, at least in some states (in the USA), that this license subsumed the previous "drugless practitioner" license, and includes—within its scope of practice—that of the previous discipline.{{cn|date=October 2023}}
 
In some countries, like the United States, chiropractors earn a [[professional doctorate]] where training is entered after obtaining between 90 and 120 credit hours of university level work (see [[second entry degree]]) and in most cases after obtaining a bachelor's degree. The World Health Organization lists three potential educational paths involving full‐time chiropractic education around the globe. This includes: one to four years of pre-requisite training in basic sciences at university level followed by a four-year full‐time doctorate program; DC. A five-year integrated [[bachelor degree]]; BSc (Chiro). A two-to-three-year [[master's degree]] following the completion of a bachelor's degree leads to the MSc (Chiro).<ref name=WHO-guidelines/> In South Africa the Masters of Technology in Chiropractic (M.Tech. Chiro) is granted following six years of university.<ref>{{cite web|title=CHIROPRACTIC AND SOMATOLOGY|url=http://www.dut.ac.za/faculty/health_sciences/chiropractic_and_somatology/|website=Durban University of Technology|access-date=6 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220171902/http://www.dut.ac.za/faculty/health_sciences/chiropractic_and_somatology/|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
To qualify for licensure, graduates must pass 4 examinations from the [[National Board of Chiropractic Examiners]] and complete State specific requirements{{Fact|date=June 2008}}; most State boards require at least 2 years of undergraduate education, and an increasing number require a 4-year bachelor’s degree.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} All licensing boards in the US require the completion of a 4-year program at an accredited college leading to the DC degree.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} Once licensed, most States require chiropractors to attend 12-50 hours of continuing education annually.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} Chiropractic colleges also offer [[postdoctoral]] training in [[neurology]], [[orthopedics]], [[sports injuries]], [[nutrition]], [[physical therapy|rehabilitation]], industrial consulting, [[radiology]], family practice, [[pediatrics]], and applied chiropractic sciences.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} After such training, chiropractors may take exams leading to "diplomate" status in a given specialty including orthopedics, neurology and radiology.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}
 
Doctors of Chiropractic who wish to practice in [[New Mexico]] can prescribe certain medications. These doctors are required to obtain additional license and credentials from the New Mexico Board of [[Pharmacy]] and apply for a "Chiropractic Advanced Practice" Certification from the New Mexico Department of Regulations and Licensing <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-02-29 |title=Pharmacy |url=http://www.rld.state.nm.us/boards/Pharmacy.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229224023/http://www.rld.state.nm.us/boards/Pharmacy.aspx |archive-date=2012-02-29 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=rld.state.nm.us}}</ref>
===Canada===
There are currently 2 schools of chiropractic in Canada; [[Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College]], in Toronto, Ontario and the [[Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières|Universite du Quebec a Trois Rivieres]], in Trois Rivieres, Quebec. Both programs are fully accredited by the Canadian Federation of Chiropractic Regulatory and Educational Accrediting Boards[http://www.cfcrb.org/english/accreditation.html]. Canadian Chiropractic students undergo a course of study similar to that of other doctoral-level health care professionals, including medicine, optometry and dentistry and have similar entrance requirements. Students are required to complete a minimum of three years of university before they are eligible for admission to the CMCC Doctorate of Chiropractic Degree program. Approximately 90 per cent of students entering the CMCC program have completed a baccalaureate or graduate university degree.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} The CMCC program is a privately funded institution and requires four years of full-time study, including a 12-month clinical internship.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} Both the CMCC and the UQTR programs include courses in anatomy, neuroanatomy, neurodiagnosis, neuroscience, biochemistry, physiology, orthopaedics, diagnosis and symptomotalogy, laboratory diagnosis, embryology, principles of chiropractic, radiology, immunology, microbiology, pathology, clinical nutrition and other basic and clinical medical sciences.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} In terms of [[manual therapy]] skills, the technique department of CMCC teaches the diversified technique for [[spinal manipulative therapy]], and have formally introduced soft tissue techniques in 2006.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}
 
==International degrees in chiropractic==
Canadian chiropractic schools teach an [[evidence-based medicine]] paradigm as opposed to the traditional [[vertebral subluxation]] model. The chiropractic schools state that the role of the doctor of chiropractic is [[primary care]] for [[musculoskeletal system|neuromusculoskeletal]] conditions.
{{Globalize|section|Western|date=October 2016}}
{{Further|List of chiropractic schools}}
 
Various degree designations for the chiropractic field exist in different countries. They generally follow the [[Bachelor's]], [[Master's]], [[Doctorate]] scheme.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shearer|first1=Kevin|title=Chiropractic Education|url=http://quantumintegratedhealth.com/chiropractic-education-2/|publisher=Quantum Integrated Health|access-date=15 July 2016}}</ref>
Four Canadian public universities currently have government-funded Canada Research Chairs in Chiropractic, with plans to have at least one in each of Canada's 10 provinces in the near future. Pilot projects involving doctors of chiropractic in hospitals in the province of Ontario are underway. <ref>[http://www.stmichaelshospital.com/programs/chiropractic/index.php Chiropractic Services - St. Michael's Hospital<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
In August 2005, CMCC became the first private institution in Ontario to be granted the privilege of offering a professional health care degree under the Post-secondary Education Choice and Excellence Act. It sets the program within the hierarchy of education in Ontario as comparable to that of other primary contact health care professions, such as medicine, dentistry, and optometry. <ref>[http://www.cmcc.ca/Media_Relations.htm Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College - Media Room<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> As of 2005, graduates of CMCC are formally recognized to have at least 7-8 years of university level education which will facilitate the acceptance of credits if they choose to further their education at the post graduate level. <ref>[http://www.cmcc.ca/Media_Relations.htm Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College - Media Room<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Additionally, CMCC offers chiropractic [[graduate studies]] in sport sciences, clinical sciences, and radiology following the 4 year Doctor of Chiropractic Degree <ref>[http://www.cmcc.ca/grad_studies/div_grad_studies.htm CMCC Division of Graduate Studies<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. CMCC also offers a 1 year continuing education programme in [[acupuncture]]. In contrast, the doctorate of chiropractic degree in Quebec is within a publicly funded university (UQTR) and is a five-year program following graduation from CÉGEP, a system of education that is unique to the province of Quebec.
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
In addition to the academic program, chiropractic education requires hands-on clinical experience under faculity supervision. This experience includes clinical assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and referral protocols.
|- align="center" bgcolor="#d6d6d6"
Canadian Chiropractic Examining Board requires all candidates to complete a 12 month clinical internship to obtain licensure, as well as write a total of 3 exams in their 4th year of study. Candidates must successfully pass Components A and B (Written Cognitive Skills Examination) to be eligible for the Clinical Skills Examination. <ref> http://cceb.ca/english/exam/index.htm]</ref> Canadian accrediting standards are higher than the United States, and admission requirements into the Doctorate of Chiropractic Degree programme are the strictest in North America. <ref>[http://72.14.205.104/search?q=cache:T3ZpTWx44MYJ:www.ontla.on.ca/hansard/37_parl/session1/Committees/gengov/g037.htm+jean+moss+meet+and+exceed+standards+chiropractic&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=ca]</ref>
|class="unsortable" | '''Degree'''
|'''Full Name'''
|'''Country in which it is awarded'''
|-
|D.C. and M.S. (Chiro)
|Doctor of Chiropractic & Master of Science (Chiropractic)
|South Korea
|-
|B.App.Sc. (clin). & B.C.Sc.
|Bachelor of Applied Science (Clinical Science) & Bachelor of Chiropractic Science
|
|-
|B.Sc. (chiro) & B.C.
|Bachelor of Science (Chiropractic) & Bachelor of Chiropractic
|Australia
|-
|B.App.Sc. (Compl) & M.Clin.Chiro.
|Bachelor of Applied Science (Complementary Medicine) & Master of Clinical Chiropractic
|Australia
|-
|B.Chiro.
|Bachelor of Chiropractic
|New Zealand
|-
|B.Chiro. & M.Chiro
|Bachelor of Chiropractic & Master of Chiropractic
|Australia
|-
|B.Sc. (Hons) Chiro
|Bachelor of Science (Hons) Chiropractic
|Malaysia<ref>{{cite web|title=ABOUT THE CHIROPRACTIC DEGREE|url=http://www.imu.edu.my/imu/programmes/undergraduate/chiropractic/|website=imu.edu|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|B.Tech. (chiro) and M.Tech. (chiro)
|Bachelor in Technology (Chiropractic) & Master in Technology (Chiropractic)
|South Africa<ref>{{cite web|title=Higher Degrees|url=http://www.dut.ac.za/postgrad/higher_degrees/|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|D.C.
|Doctor of Chiropractic
|Brazil, Canada, France, Mexico, Spain, Sweden{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}}, United States
|-
|M.C. or M.Chiro.
|Master of Chiropractic
|Australia, Switzerland, UK
|-
|M.C.B.
|Master in Clinical Biomechanics
|Denmark<ref>{{cite web|title=Master of Science in Clinical biomechanics - the chiropractic programme|url=http://www.sdu.dk/en/uddannelse/kandidat/klinisk_biomekanik|website=sdu.dk|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|M.Sc.(Chiro) or M.Chiro
|Master of Science (Chiropractic)
|Turkey<ref>{{cite web|title=Master of Science (Chiropractic)|url=https://bau.edu.tr/icerik/9570-kayropraktik-yuksek-lisans-programi-program-tanimi|website=yukseklisans.bau.edu.tr|access-date=1 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|}
 
== Licensure and regulation ==
===Australia===
{{Globalize|section|Western|date=October 2016}}
In Australia, a minimum of five-years worth of chiropractic education is needed before one may register as a practising chiropractor. Chiropractic is taught at three public universities: [[RMIT University|RMIT]] in Melbourne, [[Murdoch University]] in Perth and [[Macquarie University]] in Sydney. The RMIT and Macquarie programs graduate chiropractors with a bachelors degree followed by a masters degree while Murdoch University graduates attain a double bachelors degree, any of which is necessary for registration with state registration boards.[http://www.ccea.com.au/Program%20Accreditation/Programs.htm]
Regulations for chiropractic practice vary considerably from country to country. In some countries, such as the United States of America, Canada and some European countries, chiropractic has been legally recognized. In these countries, the profession is regulated and the prescribed educational qualifications are generally consistent, satisfying the requirements of the respective accrediting agencies. However, many countries have not yet developed chiropractic education or established laws to regulate the qualified practice of chiropractic. In addition, in some countries, other qualified health professionals and lay practitioners may use techniques of spinal manipulation and claim to provide chiropractic services, although they may not have received chiropractic training in an accredited program.{{cn|date=October 2023}}
 
Chiropractic is governed internationally by the Councils on Chiropractic Education International (CCEI). This body is recognized by the [[World Federation of Chiropractic]] and the [[World Health Organization]] as the accrediting agency for schools of chiropractic around the world.<ref name=WHO-guidelines/>
A graduate of RMIT will have attained a Bachelor of Applied Science (Complementary Medicine and/or Chiropractic) and a Master of Clinical Chiropractic.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} Similarly, a typical graduate of Macquarie University will have a Bachelor of Chiropractic Science followed by a Master of Chiropractic.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} Murdoch University graduates possess the double-degree of Bachelor of Science (Chiropractic Science) / Bachelor of Chiropractic.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}
 
The minimum prerequisite for enrollment in a chiropractic college set forth by the [[Council on Chiropractic Education – USA|CCE]] is 90 semester hours. Common prerequisite classes include those of the biological, chemical, & physical sciences, including: [[human anatomy]] and [[human physiology|physiology]], [[embryology]], [[genetics]], [[microbiology]], [[immunology]], [[cellular biology]], [[exercise physiology]], [[kinesiology]], [[general chemistry]], [[organic chemistry]], [[analytical chemistry]], [[biochemistry]], [[pharmacology|toxicology/pharmacology]], [[nutrition]], [[nuclear medicine]], [[physics]], [[biomechanics]], and [[statistics]].<ref name="Admissions Requirements - D.C">{{cite web|url=http://www.palmer.edu/PrerequisitesDC/ |title=Admissions Requirements - D.C |publisher=Palmer.edu |access-date=2012-09-16}}</ref> Chiropractic programs require at least 4,200 hours of combined classroom, laboratory, and clinical experience.{{cn|date=October 2023}}
The Council on Chiropractic Education Australasia undertakes accreditations of Australasian chiropractic courses [http://www.ccea.com.au/Program%20Accreditation/Programs.htm]
 
===United KingdomAustralia ===
The [[Chiropractors' Association of Australia]] has provided instructions for students who intend on becoming registered chiropractors in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.careerindia.com/news/2011/12/07/study-to-become-a-chiropractic-practitioner.html|title= Study To Become A Chiropractic Practitioner Study To Become A Chiropractic Practitioner|author=ashwathi cr|work=[[Oneindia]]|agency=Greynium Information Technologies|date=7 December 2011}}</ref> The profession is regulated by the [[Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency]] (AHPRA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency FAQ |url=https://www.ahpra.gov.au/Support/Archive-of-FAQ-as-at-01-Feb-13.aspx |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency}}</ref>
 
=== Canada ===
There are three UK chiropractic colleges with chiropractic courses recognised[http://www.gcc-uk.org/page.cfm?page_id=25] by the [http://www.gcc-uk.org General Chiropractic Council (GCC)], the statutory governmental body responsible for the regulation of chiropractic in the UK.
 
There are currently two schools of chiropractic in Canada: [[Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College]], in Toronto, Ontario and the [[Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières]], in [[Trois-Rivieres, Quebec]]. Both programs are fully accredited by the Canadian Federation of Chiropractic Regulatory and Educational Accrediting Boards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chirofed.ca/english/accreditation.html |title=Accreditation of Educational Programmes |work=Canadian Federation of Chiropractic Regulatory and Educational Accrediting Boards |access-date=2009-10-16 }}</ref> In 2010, the majority of students (87%) entering the CMCC program had completed a baccalaureate university degree, and approximately 3% have a graduate degree.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cmcc.ca/Page.aspx?pid=339 |title=An Overview of CMCC Admissions - Shortcuts: Admissions Brochure |work=Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College |access-date=2011-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915232405/http://www.cmcc.ca/Page.aspx?pid=339 |archive-date=2011-09-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The CMCC program is a privately funded institution and requires four years of full-time study, including a 12-month clinical internship.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cmcc.ca/Page.aspx?pid=291 |title=Undergraduate education |work=[[Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College]] |access-date=2011-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826172213/http://www.cmcc.ca/Page.aspx?pid=291 |archive-date=2011-08-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The UQTR and CMCC programs both include courses in anatomy, biochemistry, embryology, immunology, microbiology, neurology, clinical nutrition, pathology, physiology, principles of chiropractic, radiology, and other basic and clinical medical sciences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chiropractic.on.ca/ChiropracticCare/WhoareChiropractors/BecomingaChiropractor.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809122141/http://www.chiropractic.on.ca/ChiropracticCare/WhoareChiropractors/BecomingaChiropractor.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-08-09 |title=Becoming a Chiropractor |publisher=Ontario Chiropractic Association |access-date=2009-10-16}}</ref>
The AECC graduates chiropractors with an undergraduate Masters degree (MChiro). The WIOC has also recently changed from a Bsc to an Mchiro programme. {{Fact|date=June 2008}}
It is a legal requirement that all chiropractors in the UK register with the GCC to practice. A minimum of 30 hrs per annum Continuing Professional Development is required to retain registration [http://www.gcc-uk.org/page.cfm?page_id=26].
 
Pilot projects involving doctors of chiropractic in hospital emergency rooms in the province of Ontario were underway in 2011, but as of 2020 the website states chiropractors only see patients based on referral.<ref name=StMichaels>{{cite web |url=http://www.stmichaelshospital.com/programs/chiropractic/index.php |title=Chiropractic Services |publisher=St. Michael's Health Centre |access-date=2011-11-08}}</ref> Canadian Chiropractic Examining Board requires all candidates to complete a 12-month clinical internship to obtain licensure, as well as write a total of three exams in their fourth year of study. Candidates must successfully pass Components A and B (Written Cognitive Skills Examination) to be eligible for the Clinical Skills Examination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cceb.ca/english/exam/index.htm|title=Canadian Chiropractic Examining Board|work=cceb.ca|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307084041/http://www.cceb.ca/english/exam/index.htm|archive-date=2007-03-07}}</ref>
===South Africa===
In SA there are two schools of chiropractic{{Fact|date=June 2008}}: 1.[[Durban Institute of Technology]] and, 2. [[University of Johannesburg]] Doornfontein campus. They are both 6 year full-time courses leading to an MTECH or Masters of technology in Chiropractic.
 
=== Germany ===
It's a legal requirement that chiropractors must be registered with the [http://www.ahpcsa.co.za Allied Health Professions Council of SA (AHPCSA)] the governmental statutory body in order to practice Chiropractic in SA. Being a member of the [http://www.chiropractic.co.za Chiropractic Association of SA (CASA)] is voluntary. CASA is the only voluntary national association in the country and aims to promote the profession through publications in newspaper, interviews, internet and public enquires over the phone.
 
In December 2009, Jann-Oliver Broschinski and Friso Krüger had founded the [[Chiropraktik Akademie]] (Chiropractic Academy) from the Berlin Chiropractic School. The aim of the academy is the training of principled chiropractors who meet the standard of the WHO Guidelines for the Training and Safety for Chiropractors.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hong Kong Chiropractors Mar2018|url=http://www.cda.org.hk/ckfinder/userfiles/files/CDAHKe-NewsletterMar2018.pdf|work=Chiropractic Doctors Association of Hong Kong|date=July 22, 2018}}</ref> The academy is located in [[Bad Oeynhausen]], [[Germany]],<ref name="Chiropraktik Akademie">{{cite web|url =https://www.chiropraktik-akademie.de/homepage.html|title=Chiropraktik Akademie|date=July 22, 2018}}</ref> and received its accreditation from Stiftung Akkreditierungsrat (German Accreditation Council) in Bachelor and Master of Science in Chiropractic.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chiropractic Institutes|url=https://www.wfc.org/website/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=141&Itemid=140&lang=en|work=World Federation of Chiropractic|date=July 22, 2018}}</ref> As of now, the Chiropraktik Akademie's programmes are not accredited by the European Council for Chiropractic Education (ECCE), which is the European organization to accredit officially recognized programmes of Chiropractic education.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cce-europe.com/accredited-institutions.html | title=Institutions with accredited programmes - ECCE - the European Council on Chiropractic Education e.V. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wfc.org/website/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=141&Itemid=140&lang=en#nogo | title=Chiropractic Educational Institutions }}</ref> Furthermore, the Chiropraktik Akademie is not listed as one of the NBCE approved colleges to take the American national board exams, which are the oldest chiropractic licensing exams existing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbce.org/connections/links-colleges/ |title=Links to Chiropractic Colleges - National Board of Chiropractic Examiners |website=www.nbce.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404000534/https://www.nbce.org/connections/links-colleges/ |archive-date=2019-04-04}}</ref>
Currently continuing education is not compulsory in order to stay registered with the AHPCSA.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}
 
=== South Africa ===
== Federation of Chiropractic Licensing Boards ==
In [[South Africa]] (SA) there are two schools offering chiropractic: the [[Durban Institute of Technology]] and the [[University of Johannesburg]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chiropractic.co.za/index.html?lf=1;pg=14 |title=CASA : Student Info |access-date=2009-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604212715/http://www.chiropractic.co.za/index.html?lf=1;pg=14 |archive-date=2008-06-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Both offer a 6-year full-time course leading to a [[Bachelor of Technology#South Africa|Masters of Technology]] (M.Tech.) in Chiropractic; the course comprises two years of basic sciences followed by four years specialising in chiropractic, and incorporates a research [[dissertation]]. In order to practice in SA chiropractors are required to complete an [[internship]], and must be registered with the [http://www.ahpcsa.co.za Allied Health Professions Council of SA (AHPCSA)] the relevant governmental statutory body. Membership of the [http://www.chiropractic.co.za Chiropractic Association of SA (CASA)] is voluntary; CASA is the profession's sole national association and aims to promote Chiropractic through publications in newspaper, interviews, internet and other public inquiries.
{{main|Federation of Chiropractic Licensing Boards}}
 
=== South Korea ===
The FCLB is a conglomeration of all 50 US state licensing boards and the District of Columbia. It also includes several Canadian provinces and US territories. Its stated purpose is to protect the public and to serve the member boards by promoting excellence in chiropractic regulation.<ref name=FCLB>Federation of Chiropractic Licensing Boards [http://www.fclb.org/aboutus.htm#Mission Mission statement]</ref>
[[Hanseo University]], located in Seosan, South Korea, has a CCEA accredited chiropractic program,<ref>{{cite news|last1=DiDanieli|first1=Maria|title=Korea and China: Recent chiropractic advances in the Far East|url=https://www.canadianchiropractor.ca/case-studies/korea-and-china-recent-chiropractic-advances-in-the-far-east-1172|work=Canadian Chiropractor|date=August 15, 2008|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Micozzi|first1=Marc S.|title=Fundamentals of Complementary and Alternative Medicine - E-Book|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323298940|page=308|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7HSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA308|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Accredited programs|url=http://www.ccea.com.au/index.php/accreditation/accredited-programs/|publisher=CCEA -- Council on Chiropractic Education Australasia|access-date=25 March 2017|language=en}}</ref> the planning for which started in 1997.<ref>{{cite news|title=South Korean University to Begin Chiropractic Course|url=http://www.dynamicchiropractic.com/mpacms/dc/article.php?id=38206|work=Dynamic Chiropractic Newsletter|date=April 7, 1997}}</ref>
 
=== ChiropracticUnited schoolsKingdom ===
In 1993, HRH Princess Diana visited the [[Anglo-European College of Chiropractic]] and became its patron. She also appeared at a news conference that launched a report calling for legislation to prevent unqualified individuals from practicing Chiropractic in the UK.<ref name=patron>{{cite journal|last=Staff|title=Chiropractic Report Calls for Registry of DCs in United Kingdom|journal=Dynamic Chiropractic |volume=11|issue=13|date=June 18, 1993|url=http://www.chiroweb.com/mpacms/dc/article.php?id=42352}}</ref> In 1994, Parliament passed legislation regulating the practice of Chiropractic, like other health care professions, and created the [[General Chiropractic Council]] (GCC) as the regulatory board. Since that time, it is illegal to call oneself a Chiropractor in the UK without being registered with the GCC.<ref>{{cite web | title = Regulation of chiropractic | url = http://www.chiropractic-uk.co.uk/default.aspx?m=3&mi=19&ms=8&title=Regulation+of+chiropractic | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060304101709/http://www.chiropractic-uk.co.uk/default.aspx?m=3&mi=19&ms=8&title=Regulation+of+chiropractic | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2006-03-04 | access-date = 2009-02-12 }}</ref> There are currently three UK chiropractic colleges with chiropractic courses recognised by the GCC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gcc-uk.org/page.cfm?page_id=25|title=Home Redirect - Contact Us - Website - GCC|work=gcc-uk.org|access-date=2007-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830045103/http://www.gcc-uk.org/page.cfm?page_id=25|archive-date=2013-08-30|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{see also|List of chiropractic schools}}
 
The [[McTimoney College of Chiropractic]] offers an Integrated Masters in Chiropractic (MChiro) programme<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mctimoney-college.ac.uk/undergraduate-studies/|title=Undergraduate Studies|website= McTimoney-college.ac.uk|author=McTimoney College of Chiropractic|date=15 October 2013 |access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref> and two post-graduate Masters programmes in Animal Manipulation, plus a masters in Paediatric Chiropractic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mctimoney-college.ac.uk/page/7_Prospectus.html|title=McTimoney College Prospectus|work=mctimoney-college.ac.uk|date=2 May 2023 }}</ref> The Anglo-European College of Chiropractic also offers an Integrated Masters in Chiropractic (MChiro) programme<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aecc.ac.uk/undergraduate/|title=Undergraduate Courses at the AECC|website=aecc.ac.uk|author= AECC|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref> as well as three post-graduate programmes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aecc.ac.uk/postgraduate-cpd/postgraduate-studies/|title=Postgraduate Studies at the AECC|website=aecc.ac.uk|author= AECC|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref> The Welsh Institute of Chiropractic (WIOC) is a chiropractic training centre integrated within the University of South Wales<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wioc.southwales.ac.uk/chiropractic/|title=Chiropractic Services|website=wioc.southwales.ac.uk|author=WIOC|access-date=2017-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626091702/http://wioc.southwales.ac.uk/chiropractic/|archive-date=2017-06-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> offering an integrated undergraduate degree course in Chiropractic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southwales.ac.uk/study/subjects/chiropractic/|title=Chiropractic Degrees|website=southwales.ac.uk|author=WIOC|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref>
A chiropractic school is an institution involved in the education of future [[chiropractic]] practitioners (chiropractors). The entry criteria, structure, teaching methodology and nature of chiropractic programs offered at chiropractic schools vary considerably around the world.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} Chiropractic schools, curricula, paradigms and scope of practice differ accordingly to the dominant belief structures within chiropractic. These clinical and philosophical approaches primarily include straight principle/subluxation-based chiropractic, mixer chiropractic and reform chiropractic.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}
 
It is a legal requirement that all chiropractors in the UK register with the GCC to practice. A minimum of 30 hours of Continuing Professional Development per year is required to remain a registered practicing chiropractor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gcc-uk.org/education/continuing-professional-development/|title=Continuing Professional Development|website=GCC-UK.org|author=General Chiropractic Council UK|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref>
== Council on Chiropractic Education ==
{{main|Council on Chiropractic Education}}
 
=== United States ===
The Council on Chiropractic Education - USA (CCE-USA) is an agency for accreditation of programs and institutions offering the doctor of [[chiropractic]] degree. Its accreditations are recognized by the [[U.S. Department of Education]]. It seeks to insure the quality of chiropractic education in the United States by developing accreditation standards, encouraging educational improvement and providing public information.
Graduates of [[chiropractic schools]] receive the degree ''Doctor of Chiropractic (DC)'', and are eligible to seek licensure in all jurisdictions. The [[Council on Chiropractic Education]] (CCE) sets minimum guidelines for chiropractic colleges;<ref>{{cite web|author=Council on Chiropractic Education|title=Standards for Doctor of Chiropractic Programs and Requirements for Institutional Status|year=2007|url=http://www.cce-usa.org/uploads/2007_January_STANDARDS.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129001310/http://www.cce-usa.org/uploads/2007_January_STANDARDS.pdf|archive-date=2010-11-29}}</ref> all 18 chiropractic institutions are accredited by the CCE. The minimum prerequisite for enrollment in a chiropractic college set forth by the CCE is 3 years (90 semester hours) of undergraduate study, and the minimum cumulative GPA for a student entering is 3.0 on a 4.0 scale.<ref>{{cite web|author=Council on Chiropractic Education|title=Standards for Doctor of Chiropractic Programs and Requirements for Institutional Status|year=2007|page=22|url= http://www.cce-usa.org/uploads/1/0/6/5/106500339/2018_cce_accreditation_standards.pdf}}</ref> Recommended prerequisite classes may include those of the biological, chemical, and physical sciences, including: [[human anatomy]] and [[human physiology|physiology]], [[embryology]], [[genetics]], [[microbiology]], [[immunology]], [[cellular biology]], [[exercise physiology]], [[kinesiology]], [[general chemistry]], [[organic chemistry]], [[analytical chemistry]], [[biochemistry]], [[pharmacology|toxicology/pharmacology]], [[nutrition]], [[nuclear medicine]], [[physics]], [[biomechanics]], and [[statistics]].<ref name="Admissions Requirements - D.C"/>
 
==See alsoAccreditation==
{{main|Councils on Chiropractic Education International}}
*[[Medical school]]
Chiropractic is governed internationally by the [[Councils on Chiropractic Education International]] (CCEI). This body is officially recognized by the [[World Federation of Chiropractic]] and the [[World Health Organization]] as the accrediting agency for schools of chiropractic around the world.
*[[Veterinary school]]
 
In 2005, in efforts to improve consistency and equivalency in chiropractic training, the WHO published basic training and safety guidelines to provide international minimum requirements for chiropractic education and to serve as a reference for national authorities in establishing an examination and licensing system for the qualified practice of chiropractic.<ref name=WHO-guidelines/>
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
[[Category:Chiropractic|Education schools]]
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