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{{see also|History of liberalism}}
[[File:JohnLocke.png|thumb|left|upright=0.8|[[John Locke]], regarded as the father of liberalism]]
Elements of libertarianism can be traced back to the higher-law concepts of the [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] and the [[Israelites]], and [[Christian theologians]] who argued for the moral worth of the individual and the division of the world into two realms, one of which is the province of God and thus beyond the power of states to control it.<ref name="Boaz" /><ref name="cato.org">Boaz, David (21 November 1998). [https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/preface-japanese-edition-libertarianism-primer "Preface for the Japanese Edition of Libertarianism: A Primer"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210055131/https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/preface-japanese-edition-libertarianism-primer |date=10 December 2019 }}. [[Cato Institute]]. Retrieved 10 December 2019.</ref> The [[Right-libertarianism|right-libertarian]] economist [[Murray Rothbard]] suggested that Chinese [[Taoist]] philosopher [[Laozi]] was the first libertarian,<ref>Rothbard, Murray (2005). Excerpt from "Concepts of the Role of Intellectuals in Social Change Toward Laissez Faire", ''The Journal of Libertarian Studies'', Vol. IX, No. 2 (Fall 1990) at [https://mises.org/daily/1967 mises.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108220713/http://mises.org/daily/1967 |date=8 November 2014 }}</ref> likening Laozi's ideas on government to [[Friedrich Hayek]]'s theory of [[spontaneous order]].<ref>Rothbard, Murray (2005). "The Ancient Chinese Libertarian Tradition", ''Mises Daily'' (5 December 2005) (original source unknown) at [https://mises.org/daily/1967 mises.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108220713/http://mises.org/daily/1967 |date=8 November 2014 }}</ref> Similarly, the [[Cato Institute]]'s [[David Boaz]] includes passages from the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' in his 1997 book ''The Libertarian Reader'' and noted in an article for the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' that Laozi advocated for rulers to "do nothing" because "without law or compulsion, men would dwell in harmony."<ref name="Boaz2">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Libertarianism |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339321/libertarianism |access-date=21 February 2017 |date=30 January 2009 |author-link=David Boaz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504222253/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339321/libertarianism |archive-date=4 May 2015 |quote=An appreciation for spontaneous order can be found in the writings of the ancient Chinese philosopher Lao-tzu (6th century bce), who urged rulers to "do nothing" because "without law or compulsion, men would dwell in harmony." |author=Boaz, David |url-status=live}}</ref> Libertarianism was influenced by debates within [[Scholasticism]] regarding private property and [[slavery]].<ref name="Boaz" /> Scholastic thinkers, including [[Thomas Aquinas]], [[Francisco de Vitoria]], and [[Bartolomé de las Casas|Bartolomé de Las Casas]], argued for the concept of "self-mastery" as the foundation of a system supporting individual rights.<ref name="Boaz" />
Early Christian sects such as the [[Waldensians]] displayed libertarian attitudes.<ref name="Mullett 2014 p. 9">{{cite book |last=Mullett |first=M.A. |title=Martin Luther |publisher=Taylor & Francis |series=Routledge Historical Biographies |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-64861-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzaDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |access-date=2023-03-12 |page=9}}</ref><ref name="More 1969 p. ">{{cite book |last=More |first=T. |title=Complete Works |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |issue=v. 5, pt. 2 |year=1969 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjmaAAAAIAAJ&q=%22waldensians%22+%22libertarian%22 |access-date=2023-03-12 |page=}}</ref> In 17th-century England, libertarian ideas began to take modern form in the writings of the [[Levellers]] and [[John Locke]]. In the middle of that century, opponents of royal power began to be called [[Whigs (British political party)|Whigs]], or sometimes simply Opposition or Country, as opposed to Court writers.<ref name="libertarianism.org">Boaz, David (7 March 2007). [http://www.libertarianism.org/ex-3.html "A Note on Labels: Why 'Libertarian'?"]. ''Libertarianism.org''. [[Cato Institute]]. Retrieved 4 July 2013. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716203439/http://www.libertarianism.org/ex-3.html|date=16 July 2012}}</ref>
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