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* A substantial part of Africa's current underdevelopment appears to be caused by the long-term effects of the [[Atlantic slave trade|Atlantic]] and [[Arab slave trade]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nunn |first=N. |year=2008 |title=The Long-term Effects of Africa's Slave Trades |journal=Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=123 |issue=1 |pages=139–176 |doi=10.1162/qjec.2008.123.1.139 }}</ref>
* Current differences in trust levels within Africa are attributable to the impact of the Atlantic and Arab slave trades, which have caused the emergence of low-trust cultural norms, beliefs, and values in ethnic groups heavily affected by slavery (with [[Leonard Wantchekon]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nunn |first=N. |last2=Wantchekon |first2=L. |year=2011 |title=The Slave Trade and the Origins of Mistrust in Africa |journal=[[American Economic Review]] |volume=101 |issue=7 |pages=3221–3252 |doi=10.1257/aer.101.7.3221 |url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/1/11986331/1/nunn-slave-trade.pdf }}</ref>
* By impeding not only trade and technological diffusion but also the depredations of slave traders, the ruggedness of certain African regions' terrain had a significant positive impact on these regions' development (with
* The introduction of the potato within the Columbian exchange may have been responsible for at least a quarter of the population and urbanisation growth observed in the Old World between 1700 and 1900 (with [[Nancy Qian]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nunn |first=N. |last2=Qian |first2=N. |year=2011 |title=The Potato's Contribution to Population and Urbanization: Evidence from a Historical Experiment |journal=Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=126 |issue=2 |pages=593–650 |doi=10.1093/qje/qjr009 }}</ref>
* In line with [[Ester Boserup|Boserup's hypothesis]], the introduction and historical use of [[plough agriculture]] appears to have given men a comparative advantage and made gender norms less equal, with historical differences in the plough use of immigrants' ancestral communities predicting their attitudes regarding [[gender equality]] (with [[Alberto Alesina]] and [[Paolo Giuliano]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Alesina |first=A. |last2=Giuliano |first2=P. |last3=Nunn |first3=N. |year=2013 |title=On the Origins of Gender Roles: Women and the Plough |journal=Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=128 |issue=2 |pages=469–530 |doi=10.1093/qje/qjt005 }}</ref>
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