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'''''Cargninia''''' is an [[extinct]] [[genus]] of [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] [[Lepidosauromorpha|lepidosauromorph]] from the [[Late Triassic]] of [[Brazil]]. The [[Type species|type]] and only known species is '''''Cargninia enigmatica'''''. It is known from the [[holotype]] UFRGS PV 1027 T, a partial left [[dentary]] (lower jaw bone) found in what is now [[Faxinal do Soturno]], [[Rio Grande do Sul]], southern [[Brazil]], in the [[Paleorrota Geopark|geopark Paleorrota]]. This locality is from the middle section of the [[Norian]]-age [[Caturrita Formation]]. ''Cargninia'' was named by [[José Fernando Bonaparte]], [[César Leandro Schultz]], [[Marina Bento Soares]] and [[Agustín G. Martinelli]] in [[2010 in paleontology|2010]]. The [[name of a biological genus|generic name]] honors [[Daniel Cargnin (paleontologist)|Daniel Cargnin]], a Brazilian priest and fossil collector, and the [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] means “enigmatic”, in reference to its uncertain phylogenetic placement.<ref name="BonaparteFauna">{{Cite journal|author1=José Fernando Bonaparte |author2=César Leandro Schultz |author3=Marina Bento Soares |author4=Agustín G. Martinelli |year=2010 |title=La Fauna local de faxinal do soturno, Triasico tardio de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil |url=http://www.sbpbrasil.org/revista/edicoes/13_3/233a246_La%20fauna%20local.pdf |journal=Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=233–246 |doi=10.4072/rbp.2010.3.07|doi-access=free }}</ref>
The preserved dentary has small, peg-like teeth, with the underlying jaw bone about four times deeper than the height of each tooth crown. The jaw was originally collected with eleven preserved teeth and two or three more spaces for broken teeth. However, during preparation the front half of the fossil was destroyed, leaving only the rear part of the jaw with five preserved teeth and one or two empty spaces. Up to 20 teeth may have been present in a complete lower jaw. The teeth are positioned apicolingually (slightly inwards of the upper edge of the jaw bone). The penultimate tooth in the back of the jaw has a higher attachment point and its base is cemented to the jaw bone. The jaw as a whole can be characterized as having [[Pleurodont|pleuro]][[acrodont]] tooth implantation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |
''Cargninia'' was originally described as a [[Lepidosauria|lepidosaur]] ([[Crown group|crown-group]] lepidosauromorph), possibly related to the gliding [[Kuehneosauridae|kuehneosaurids]].<ref name="BonaparteFauna" /> A 2020 redescription later considered it a valid, albeit fragmentary, lepidosauromorph with uncertain relations to other members of the group. Its pleuroacrodont dentition is similar to ''[[Gephyrosaurus]]'' (a basal [[Rhynchocephalia|rhynchocephalian]]) and ''[[Gueragama]]'' (a basal [[Acrodonta (lizard)|acrodontan]] [[Squamata|squamate]]), which are each early members of major lepidosaur lineages with acrodont dentition. In the absence of more data, ''Cargninia''<nowiki/>'s condition is considered to be a case of [[homoplasy]] ([[convergent evolution]]).<ref name=":0" /> Several additional pleuroacrodont jaw fragments are known from Faxinal do Soturno, though a lack of overlap prevents an unambiguous referral to ''Cargninia''.<ref name=":0" />
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