Pantograph: Difference between revisions

Sculptors use a three-dimensional version of the pantograph,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishpathe.com/video/an-unfinished-symphony-in-stone|title=An Unfinished Symphony In Stone: A video with sculptor CS Jagger using a three-dimensional pantograph|publisher=[[Pathé News|British Pathé]]|language=en-GB|at=1 min. 7 sec.|access-date=24 March 2020|date=28 January 1935|quote=A wooden framework, approximating to the proportions, was built with this ingenious type of pantograph, which conveyed the outline from the quarter size model...Then [[Charles Sargeant Jagger|Mr. Jagger]]'s pantograph came into action again. Every little contour from the previous model was transferred by pegs, inserted into the larger model at their correct and varied heights. }}</ref> usually a large boom connected to a fixed point at one end, bearing two rotating pointing needles at arbitrary points along this boom. By adjusting the needles different enlargement or reduction ratios can be achieved. This device, now largely overtaken by [[Computer-aided manufacturing|computer guided]] [[CNC Router|router]] systems that [[3D scanner|scan]] a [[Scale model|model]] and can produce it in a variety of materials and in any desired size,<ref name="castro2003">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.sculpture.org/documents/scmag03/janfeb03/cronin/cronin.shtml|title=Making the Personal Monumental: A Conversation with Patricia Cronin|first=Jan Garden |last=Castro|access-date=23 August 2017|publisher=[[International Sculpture Center]]|journal=[[Sculpture (magazine)|Sculpture]]|volume=22|date=January–February 2003|issue=1|quote=[W]e fabricated this piece using the newest digital technology, a five-axis milling machine at Johnson Atelier in Mercerville, New Jersey. They bought a brand-new machine from Milan specifically to carve this piece—it’s the second one built in the world. The machines are called CNC—Computer Numerically Controlled carving machines. The coupling of 21st-century technology with marble, ..., we 3D-scanned my two-thirds scale plaster to program the milling machine to do complex carving.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001223724/https://www.sculpture.org/documents/scmag03/janfeb03/cronin/cronin.shtml|archive-date=1 October 2019|url-status=live }}</ref> was invented by inventor and steam pioneer [[James Watt]] (1736–1819) and perfected by [[Benjamin Cheverton]] (1796–1876) in 1836. Cheverton's machine was fitted with a rotating cutting bit to carve reduced versions of well-known sculptures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://writeantiques.com/the-man-who-brought-marble-sculpture-down-to-size/|title=The man who brought marble sculpture down to size - WriteAntiques|website=writeantiques.com|accessdateaccess-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823073907/http://writeantiques.com/the-man-who-brought-marble-sculpture-down-to-size/|archive-date=23 August 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A three-dimensional pantograph can also be used to enlarge sculpture by interchanging the position of the model and the copy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keropiansculpture.com/enlarging_machine.html|title=Enlarging and Reducing Sculpture|website=www.keropiansculpture.com|accessdateaccess-date=23 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terraz.org/liberty/article.php3?id_article=20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040716025123/http://www.terraz.org/liberty/article.php3?id_article=20|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2004|title=Enlarging a copy of the Statue of Liberty (French) by means of a 3d-pantograph with a scanning wheel and a cutting edge, in clay.|accessdateaccess-date=23 August 2017}}</ref>

Another version is still very much in use to reduce the size of large [[relief]] designs for [[coin]]s down to the required size of the coin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fleur-de-coin.com/articles/moderncoinminting.asp|title=Designing and minting coins|first=Ioannis|last=Androulakis|website=www.fleur-de-coin.com|accessdateaccess-date=23 August 2017}}</ref>