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After [[Mexican War of Independence|Mexico's independence]] in 1821, a large body of Spanish troops continued to occupy San Juan de Ulúa as late as 1825. It was the last site in the former colony of New Spain to be held by the Spanish and was surrendered to Mexican General [[Miguel Barragán]] in November 1825. The justification for the order of expulsion issued by [[President of Mexico|President]] [[Vicente Guerrero]] was their [[Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico|failed attempt at re-conquering Mexico]]. Since then, San Juan de Ulúa served as a military and political symbol of Mexican resistance to foreign invasions and occupations, thanks to several of which took place during the nineteenth century. In 1836 the [[July Monarchy|French]] bombarded the fortress in the [[Battle of Veracruz (1838)|Battle of Veracruz]] during the [[Pastry War]], a conflict resulting from a French citizen in Mexico seeking [[Reparation (legal)|reparations]] for his allegedly damaged [[Pastry|pastry]] shop; during the [[Mexican–American War]], the [[United States]] [[Siege of Veracruz|laid siege]] to the fortress during the war, a conflict which resulted from disputes over the nascent [[Republic of Texas]], and in 1863 the [[Second French Empire|French]] [[Second French intervention in Mexico|briefly occupied]] the city when installing [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian I]] as [[Second Mexican Empire|emperor of Mexico]]. For much of the nineteenth century, the fort served as a [[Law enforcement in Mexico|prison]], especially for [[Political prisoners|political prisoners]] judged to be opposition to the government. Many prominent Mexican politicians spent time here while they were not in power.
The last foreign incursion came in 1914, on the eve of the [[World War I|First World War]], when an American expedition [[United States occupation of Veracruz|captured and occupied]] Veracruz as a response to the [[Tampico Affair]] against the background of the [[Mexican Revolution]]; which threatened the [[Petroleum industry in Mexico|regional oil industry]] in which Americans were heavily invested. After a short but bloody firefight the Americans captured the city, including San Juan de Ulúa. After seven months of U.S. occupation, the Americans departed and handed back the city to the Mexicans. The national legislature awarded the port and city of Veracruz the title of ''Heroic'' for the fourth time following this incident. A portion of San Juan de Ulúa also served several times as the [[presidential palace]], housing presidents such as [[Benito Juárez]] and [[Venustiano Carranza]]. The citadel was also used as a prison, especially during the early 20th-century regime of President [[Porfirio Díaz]]. It was alleged by some sources that in order to prevent prisoners from escaping, [[Shark|sharks]] were placed into the waters surrounding the island, so that they would kill anyone attempting to escape {{whom|date=March 2021}}.
==Modern times==
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