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=== Environment ===
Dioxane has affected groundwater supplies in several areas. Dioxane at the level of 1 μg/L (~1 ppb) has been detected in many locations in the US.<ref name="OPPT" /> In the U.S. state of New Hampshire, it had been found at 67 sites in 2010, ranging in concentration from 2 ppb to over 11,000 ppb. Thirty of these sites are solid waste landfills, most of which have been closed for years.
=== Cosmetics ===
As a byproduct of the [[ethoxylation]] process, a route to some ingredients found in cleansing and moisturizing products, dioxane can contaminate cosmetics and personal care products such as deodorants, perfumes, shampoos, toothpastes and mouthwashes.<ref>[http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/roc/tenth/profiles/s080diox.pdf Tenth Report on Carcinogens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101071935/http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/roc/tenth/profiles/s080diox.pdf |date=1 November 2004 }}. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program, December 2002.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Chemical Encyclopedia: 1,4-dioxane |publisher= Healthy Child Healthy World |url= http://healthychild.org/issues/chemical-pop/1,4-dioxane/ |access-date =14 December 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091129073643/http://healthychild.org/issues/chemical-pop/1,4-dioxane/ |archive-date= 29 November 2009 <!--Added by DASHBot-->}}</ref> The ethoxylation process makes the cleansing agents, such as [[sodium laureth sulfate]] and ammonium laureth sulfate, less abrasive and offers enhanced foaming characteristics. 1,4-Dioxane is found in small amounts in some cosmetics, a yet unregulated substance used in cosmetics in both China and the U.S.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=Xinhua |title=Watchdog issues inspection results on Johnson & Johnson |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-03/21/content_7603271.htm |work=China Daily |date=21 March 2009 |access-date=14 May 2010 <!--Added by DASHBot-->}}</ref> Research has found the chemical in ethoxylated raw ingredients and in off-the-shelf cosmetic products. The [[Environmental Working Group]] (EWG) found that 97% of hair relaxers, 57% of baby soaps and 22 percent of all products in Skin Deep, their database for cosmetic products, are contaminated with 1,4-dioxane.
Since 1979 the [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) have conducted tests on cosmetic raw materials and finished products for the levels of 1,4-dioxane.<ref name="Occurrence_Dioxane" /> 1,4-Dioxane was present in ethoxylated raw ingredients at levels up to 1410 ppm (~0.14%wt), and at levels up to 279 ppm (~0.03%wt) in off the shelf cosmetic products.<ref name="Occurrence_Dioxane" /> Levels of 1,4-dioxane exceeding 85 ppm (~0.01%wt) in children's shampoos indicate that close monitoring of raw materials and finished products is warranted.<ref name="Occurrence_Dioxane">{{cite journal |last1=Black |first1=RE |last2=Hurley |first2=FJ |last3=Havery |first3=DC |title=Occurrence of 1,4-dioxane in cosmetic raw materials and finished cosmetic products |journal=Journal of AOAC International |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=666–70 |year=2001 |doi=10.1093/jaoac/84.3.666 |pmid=11417628|doi-access=free }}</ref> While the FDA encourages manufacturers to remove 1,4-dioxane, it is not required by federal law.<ref name="FDA_Dioxane">FDA/CFSAN--Cosmetics Handbook Part 3: Cosmetic Product-Related Regulatory Requirements and Health Hazard Issues. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080115201046/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/cos-hdb3.html Prohibited Ingredients and other Hazardous Substances: 9. Dioxane]</ref>
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== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dioxane, 1, 4-}}
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