German nuclear program during World War II: Difference between revisions

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Members of the ''Uranverein'', [[Wolfgang Finkelnburg]], Werner Heisenberg, [[Carl Ramsauer]], and [[Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker]] were effective in countering the politicization of academia and effectively putting an end to the influence of the ''Deutsche Physik'' movement. However, in order to do this they were, as were many scientists, caught between autonomy and accommodation.{{sfn|Hoffmann|2005|pp=293–329}} Essentially, they would have to legitimize the National Socialist system by compromise and collaboration.{{sfn|Walker|1993|p=80}}
 
During the period in which ''Deutsche Physik'' was gaining prominence, a foremost concern of the great majority of scientists was to maintain autonomy against political encroachment.{{sfn|Beyerchen|1977|pp=199–210}} Some of the more established scientists, such as [[Max von Laue]], could demonstrate more autonomy than the younger and less established scientists.{{sfn|Hoffmann|2005|pp=293–329}} This was, in part, due to political organizations, such as the ''Nationalsozialistischer Deutscher Dozentenbund'' (National Socialist German University Lecturers League), whose district leaders had a decisive role in the acceptance of an ''[[Habilitationsschrift]]'', which was a prerequisite to attaining the rank of ''[[Privatdozent]]'' necessary to becoming a university lecturer.{{sfn|Hentschel|Hentschel|1996|loc=Appendix C; see the entry for the NSDDB}} While some with ability joined such organizations out of tactical career considerations, others with ability and adherence to historical academic standards joined these organizations to moderate their activities. This was the case of Finkelnburg.{{sfn|Beyerchen|1977|pp=176–79}}{{sfn|Hentschel|Hentschel|1996|pp=341–42}} In mid-1940 Finkelnburg became an acting director of the NSDDB at ''Technische Hochschule'', Darmstadt.{{sfn|Hentschel|Hentschel|1996|p=290}} As such, he organized the ''Münchner Religionsgespräche'', which took place on 15 November 1940 and was known as the ''Munich Synod ''. The ''Münchner Religionsgespräche'' was an offensive against ''deutscheDeutsche Physik''.<ref>Finkelnburg invited five representatives to make arguments for theoretical physics and academic decisions based on ability, rather than politics: Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, [[Otto Scherzer]], [[Georg Joos]], Otto Heckmann, and Hans Kopfermann. [[Alfons Bühl]], a supporter of ''deutscheDeutsche Physik'', invited Harald Volkmann, [[Bruno Thüring]], Wilhelm Müller, [[Rudolf Tomaschek]], and Ludwig Wesch. The discussion was led by Gustav Borer, with Herbert Stuart and Johannes Malsch as observers. See Document 110: ''The Fight against Party Politics'' by Wolfgang Finkelnburg in {{harvnb|Hentschel|Hentschel|1996|loc=pp. 339–45}}. Also see {{harvnb|Beyerchen|1977|pp=176–79}}.</ref> While the technical outcome may have been thin, it was a political victory against ''deutscheDeutsche Physik''.{{sfn|Beyerchen|1977|pp=176–79}} Also, in part, it was Finkelnburg's role in organising this event that influenced Carl Ramsauer, as president of the ''[[Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft]]'', to select Finkelnburg in 1941 as his deputy.<ref>Document 86: ''Letter to [[Ludwig Prandtl]]'' by [[Carl Ramsauer]], 4 June 1944, in {{harvnb|Hentschel|Hentschel|1996|loc=pp. 267–68.}}</ref> Finkelnburg served in this capacity until the end of World War II.
 
Early in 1942, as president of the DPG, Ramsauer, on Felix Klein's initiative and with the support of [[Ludwig Prandtl]], submitted a petition to Reich Minister [[Bernhard Rust]], at the ''[[Reichserziehungsministerium]]'' (Reich Education Ministry). The petition, a letter and six attachments,<ref>Letter to Bernhard Rust, 20 January 1942. Document # 90 in {{harvnb|Hentschel|Hentschel|1996|pp=278–81}}.