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[[File:EvinHouseofDetention.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Evin House of Detention]], where the hikers were held]]
On July 31, 2009, three [[Americans]], '''Joshua Fattal''', '''Sarah Shourd''' and '''Shane Bauer''' were taken into custody by [[Iran]]ian [[border guard]]s for crossing into Iran while hiking near the Iranian border in [[Iraqi Kurdistan]].
At the time of their detention by Iranian troops, the three Americans were on vacation{{
Following the hikers' capture on the Iraqi-Iranian border, a wide range of outside voices, including the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]], [[Ban Ki-moon]], and the human rights group [[Amnesty International]], had called for the hikers' unconditional release.<ref name=Goodman>[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/22/world/middleeast/iranian-lawyer-says-2-american-hikers-hopefully-are-about-to-be-freed.html American Hikers Leave Iran After Prison Release]| By J. David Goodman and Alan Cowell | September 21, 2011</ref>
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==Background==
Joshua "Josh" Fattal, who grew up in [[Elkins Park, Pennsylvania]],<ref name = freedushiker/> graduated from UC Berkeley, worked as co-director of an environmental education center at [[Aprovecho]] in [[Oregon]] and travelled to Switzerland, India, China, and South Africa from January to May 2009 on a fellowship with the International Honors Program (IHP)'s "Health and Community" study abroad program. Fattal and Bauer were friends from their days at the [[University of California at Berkeley]]. Shortly after the release of the hikers, it was revealed that Jacob Fattal, the father of Joshua Fattal, is an
[[Shane Bauer]], who grew up both in [[Onamia, Minnesota]] and [[San Leandro, California]],<ref name = freedushiker>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/09/14/world/main6864636.shtml?tag=contentMain;contentBody|title=Freed U.S. Hiker Reunites With Mother|author=[[CBS News]]/[[Associated Press]]|work = CBS News|date=September 14, 2010|access-date=September 15, 2010 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> is a freelance photojournalist and journalist who has reported for ''[[Democracy Now!]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=111547382|title=Friends Seek Release Of Jailed Hikers In Iran|first=Richard|last=Gonzales|date=August 4, 2009|publisher=NPR}}</ref> ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]'', ''[[The Nation]]'', ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' and other media outlets, using his fluency in [[Arabic]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://freethehikers.org/?page_id=584|title= About Shane Bauer|access-date=July 19, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701105907/http://freethehikers.org/?page_id=584|archive-date=July 1, 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
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Beside a five-minute phone call in March, 2010, the three detainees were not allowed to communicate with their families until May, 2010. [[Interests Section of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the United States|Swiss consular officials]] were able to visit them on September 29 and October 29, 2009 and confirmed they did not appear to have been physically mistreated (Switzerland [[Protecting power|represents U.S. interests]] in Iran because the United States has no formal diplomatic relations with Iran). Upon the release of Fattal and Bauer on September 25, 2011, Shourd stated, "Bauer was beaten and Fattal forced down a flight of stairs."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110927194210/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44659101/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/t/freed-hikers-iran-held-us-because-were-american/ "Freed hikers: Iran held us because we're American"], by [[Associated Press]], September 26, 2010</ref> In their memoir, Bauer states that he was not beaten but rather severely threatened.
The mothers of the three applied for visas in January 2010 to visit their sons and daughter. They went to Iran in May 2010, after the government granted the visas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100518/ap_on_re_us/us_iran_us_hikers|title=Mothers of 3 imprisoned US hikers head to Iran |publisher=Yahoo!|date=May 17, 2010|access-date=May 17, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521220450/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100518/ap_on_re_us/us_iran_us_hikers|archive-date=May 21, 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy}}
Shane Bauer and Sarah Shourd, who were already in a relationship when they were detained, became engaged while incarcerated and married after their release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/politics/international_politics/mothersapos+appeal+for+hikers+held+in+iran/3720377|title=Mothers' appeal for hikers held in Iran|access-date=July 24, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724232052/http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/politics/international_politics/mothersapos%2Bappeal%2Bfor%2Bhikers%2Bheld%2Bin%2Biran/3720377|archive-date=July 24, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>
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On September 14, 2010, after more than a year in prison, Sarah Shourd was released on 5 billion [[Iranian rial|rial]]<ref name="BBC" /> (about US$465,000)<ref name="rial" /> bail, paid by the Sultan of Oman. Iran's judiciary also announced that the pre-trial detention of Fattal and Bauer would be extended for two more months, at that time.<ref>{{cite news|title=US trio on Iran trespass charge face more accusations|last=Black|first=Ian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/14/iran-frees-sarah-shourd-hiker|newspaper=The Guardian|date=September 14, 2010|access-date=September 14, 2010|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915002014/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/sep/14/iran-frees-sarah-shourd-hiker|archive-date=September 15, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Shourd remained a defendant but was not required by Iran to return for trial along with Fattal and Bauer in 2011.<ref name=8years/>
Iran officials stated she was released on humanitarian grounds due to her declining health. She suffered mental health deterioration due to her solitary confinement for such an extended period of time.
==Trial==
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===Iranian judicial process===
[[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad|President Ahmadinejad]] stated his hope that the three would be able to prove their innocence of espionage, but stated they deserve at least some punishment for illegal entry into Iran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wcbstv.com/national/hikers.detained.iran.2.1273015.html|title=Families Release Video Of Hikers Shane Bauer, Joshua Fattal And Sarah Shourd Detained In Iran|publisher=WCBS TV|date=October 27, 2009|access-date=May 17, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426123726/http://wcbstv.com/national/hikers.detained.iran.2.1273015.html|archive-date=April 26, 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy}}
In September 2009, Ahmadinejad promised that he would ask the judiciary to treat the case with maximum lenience and expeditiously, but despite many public statements that a judicial proceeding was imminent there was no hearing or movement on their case for nearly eight months.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/09/23/iran.hikers/ |title=Hiker's family finds hope in Ahmadinejad remarks|publisher=CNN|date=September 24, 2009|access-date=May 17, 2010}}</ref> On November 9, 2009, it was announced they would be charged for espionage by Iranian authorities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-hikers-will-stand-trial-for-espionage-says-iran-1817732.html|title=US hikers will stand trial for espionage, says Iran – Americas, World – The Independent|work=The Independent|location=London|date=November 10, 2009|access-date=May 17, 2010|first=David|last=Usborne|archive-date=November 13, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113155435/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-hikers-will-stand-trial-for-espionage-says-iran-1817732.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=8808181651|title=Fars News Agency :: Iran: 3 US Citizens Face Espionage Charges|publisher=English.farsnews.com|date=November 9, 2009|access-date=May 17, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301004022/http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=8808181651|archive-date=March 1, 2012|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The detainees were consistently denied access to their lawyer and Swiss officials were stonewalled. On February 15, 2009 [2010?] [[Mohammad-Javad Larijani|Mohammad Javad Larijani]], the secretary general of Iran’s High Council for Human Rights, said it was "quite possible" the Americans had strayed into Iran by mistake.<ref>{{cite news|title=Iran: U.S. Hikers Are Presumed Innocent, Official Says|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/17/world/middleeast/17briefs-Hikers.html|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 17, 2010|access-date=September 14, 2010}}</ref>
At the beginning of August 2010, the Iranian government reiterated its belief that the trio should stand trial for illegal entry, and announced it was considering other charges such as "intentionally acting against Iranian security". On July 31, 2011, the two had their final hearing of the trial.<ref>{{cite news|title=US trio on Iran trespass charge face more accusations|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/01/iran-us-trio-trespass-charges|agency =Associated Press|newspaper=The Observer|date=August 1, 2010|access-date=September 14, 2010|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808034044/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/aug/01/iran-us-trio-trespass-charges|archive-date=August 8, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> On August 20, 2011 the two hikers were sentenced to 3 years for illegal entry and 5 years for espionage, a total of 8 years.<ref name=8years>{{cite news|title=U.S. hikers get 8 years in prison|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/08/20/iran.us.hikers/index.html#0_undefined,0_|agency=CNN|date=August 20, 2010|access-date =March 20, 2014}}</ref>
==Calls for release==
[[Kenan Thompson]], [[Desmond Tutu]], [[Muhammad Ali]], [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Tom Morello]], [[Alyssa Milano]], [[Ashton Kutcher]], [[Barack Obama]], [[Big Sean]], [[Yusuf Islam]], [[Sean Penn]], along with many other celebrities{{who|date=October 2018}} and governments,{{which|date=October 2018}} called for the release of the detainees on grounds of inhumane treatment and lack of evidence.<ref>Tutu, Desmond. [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/desmond-tutu/post_1924_b_859174.html "It's Time for Iran to Live Up to Its Commitment to Justice and Compassion"]. The Huffington Post, May 8, 2011.</ref>
==Release of Fattal and Bauer==
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* Hammer, Joshua. {{cite web|url=http://www.outsideonline.com/adventure-travel/asia/iran/A-Mountain-of-Trouble.html?page=all|title=A Mountain of Trouble|publisher= Outside Online|date=May 2010|access-date=November 1, 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}
* [http://mantlethought.org/content/pen-2013-literature-lock-and-key PEN 2013 Event: Literature: Lock and Key] with Shane Bauer and [[Laura Secor]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:2009-2011 detention of Americans by Iran}}▼
{{Iran–United States relations}}
▲{{DEFAULTSORT:2009-2011 detention of Americans by Iran}}
[[Category:2009 in Iran]]
[[Category:2010 in Iran]]
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