1,4-Dioxane: Difference between revisions

|url-status = dead}}</ref> It is also classified by the [[International Agency for Research on Cancer|IARC]] as a [[List of IARC Group 2B carcinogens|Group 2B carcinogen]]: ''possibly carcinogenic to humans'' because it is a known carcinogen in other animals.<ref>{{cite book |title= IARC Monographs Volume 71 |publisher= International Agency for Research on Cancer |url= http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol71/mono71-25.pdf|access-date =11 July 2014}}</ref> The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] classifies dioxane as a probable human [[carcinogen]] (having observed an increased incidence of cancer in controlled animal studies, but not in epidemiological studies of workers using the compound), and a known irritant (with a no-observed-adverse-effects level of 400 milligrams per cubic meter) at concentrations significantly higher than those found in commercial products.<ref name="U.S.EPA_Dioxane">1,4-Dioxane (1,4-Diethyleneoxide). Hazard Summary. ''U.S. Environmental Protection Agency''. Created in April 1992; Revised in January 2000. [http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/dioxane.html Fact Sheet].</ref> Under [[California Proposition 65 (1986)|California Proposition 65]], dioxane is classified in the U.S. State of California to cause cancer.<ref name="prop 65">{{cite web |title=Chemicals Known to the State to Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity |url=http://www.oehha.org/prop65/prop65_list/files/P65single040210.pdf |date=2 April 2010 |quote=1,4-Dioxane CAS#123-91-1 (Listed 1 January 1988) |publisher=Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment |access-date=14 December 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100524160032/http://www.oehha.org/prop65/prop65_list/files/P65single040210.pdf |archive-date= 24 May 2010}}</ref> Animal studies in rats suggest that the greatest health risk is associated with inhalation of vapors in the pure form.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2131/jts.33.141 |last1=Kano |first1=Hirokazu |last2=Umeda |first2=Yumi |last3=Saito |first3=Misae |last4=Senoh |first4=Hideki |last5=Ohbayashi |first5=Hisao |last6=Aiso |first6=Shigetoshi |last7=Yamazaki |first7=Kazunori |last8=Nagano |first8=Kasuke |last9=Fukushima |first9=Shoji |title=Thirteen-week oral toxicity of 1,4-dioxane in rats and mice |journal=The Journal of Toxicological Sciences |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=141–53 |year=2008 |pmid=18544906|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kasai |first1=T |last2=Saito |first2=M |last3=Senoh |first3=H |last4=Umeda |first4=Y |last5=Aiso |first5=S |last6=Ohbayashi |first6=H |last7=Nishizawa |first7=T |last8=Nagano |first8=K |last9=Fukushima |first9=S |title=Thirteen-week inhalation toxicity of 1,4-dioxane in rats |journal=Inhalation Toxicology |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=961–71 |year=2008 |pmid=18668411 |doi=10.1080/08958370802105397|s2cid=86811931 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kasai |first1=T. |last2=Kano |first2=H. |last3=Umeda |first3=Y. |last4=Sasaki |first4=T. |last5=Ikawa |first5=N. |last6=Nishizawa |first6=T. |last7=Nagano |first7=K. |last8=Arito |first8=H. |last9=Nagashima |first9=H. |last10=Fukushima |first10=S.|title=Two-year inhalation study of carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity of 1,4-dioxane in male rats |journal=Inhalation Toxicology |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=889–97 |year=2009 |doi=10.1080/08958370802629610 |pmid=19681729 |s2cid=45963495 }}</ref> The State of New York has adopted a first-in-the-nation drinking water standard for 1,4-Dioxane and set the maximum contaminant level of 1 part per billion.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-announces-first-nation-drinking-water-standard-emerging-contaminant-14-dioxane |title =Archived copyGovernor Cuomo Announces First in the Nation Drinking Water Standard for Emerging Contaminant 1,4-Dioxane {{!}} Governor Andrew M. Cuomo |access-date=30 October 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029142313/https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-announces-first-nation-drinking-water-standard-emerging-contaminant-14-dioxane |url-status=dead }}</ref>