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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Close-knit conductor.jpeg|thumb|Close-knit conductor (Image: Hong Kong Polytechnic University)]] -->
'''Electronic textiles''' or '''e-textiles''' (often confounded with smart textiles) are [[fabric]]s that enable [[Digital electronics|digital]] components such as a battery and a light (including small [[computer]]s), and electronics to be embedded in them. "Smart textiles" are fabrics that have been developed with new technologies that provide added value to the wearer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/jom/0507/byko-0507.html|title=The Materials Science and Engineering of Clothing}}</ref> Pailes-Friedman of the Pratt Institute states that "what makes smart fabrics revolutionary is that they have the ability to do many things that traditional fabrics cannot, including communicate, transform, conduct energy and even grow".<ref name=Forbes>{{cite web|title = What Is The Future Of Fabric? These Smart Textiles Will Blow Your Mind|author = Gaddis, Rebecca|date = May 7, 2014|url = https://www.forbes.com/sites#/sites/forbesstylefile/2014/05/07/what-is-the-future-of-fabric-these-smart-textiles-will-blow-your-mind/|website = Forbes|access-date = 2015-10-16|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170307204934/https://www.forbes.com/sites/#/sites/forbesstylefile/2014/05/07/what-is-the-future-of-fabric-these-smart-textiles-will-blow-your-mind/|archive-date = March 7, 2017}}</ref> E-textiles allows for more creativity and freedom to create whatever comes to mind, while also creating unique pieces.
Smart textiles can be broken into two different categories: aesthetic and performance enhancing. Aesthetic examples include fabrics that light up and fabrics that can change colour. Some of these fabrics gather energy from the environment by harnessing vibrations, sound, or heat, reacting to these inputs. The [[colour]] changing and lighting scheme can also work by embedding the fabric with electronics that can power it. An example of this can be when Zendaya arrived in a Cinderella dress to the Met Gala in 2019. Performance enhancing smart textiles are intended for use in athletic, extreme sports, and military applications. These include fabrics designed to regulate body temperature, reduce wind resistance, and control muscle vibration – all of which may improve athletic performance. Other fabrics have been developed for protective clothing, to guard against extreme environmental hazards, such as radiation and the effects of space travel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Applications of Smart and Interactive Textiles|url=http://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2013/04/applications-of-smart-and-interactive.html|website=Textile Learner|publisher=Saddamhusen Jamadar|access-date=2013-04-21|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612145109/http://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2013/04/applications-of-smart-and-interactive.html|archive-date=2013-06-12}}</ref> The health and beauty industry is also taking advantage of these innovations, which range from drug-releasing medical textiles, to fabric with moisturizer, perfume, and anti-aging properties.<ref name=Forbes/> Many smart clothing, [[wearable technology]], and [[wearable computing]] projects involve the use of e-textiles.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Smart textiles: Challenges and opportunities|journal = Journal of Applied Physics|date = 2012-11-01|issn = 0021-8979|pages = 091301–091301–14|volume = 112|issue = 9|doi = 10.1063/1.4742728|first1 = Kunigunde|last1 = Cherenack|first2 = Liesbeth van|last2 = Pieterson|publication-date = 7 November 2012|bibcode = 2012JAP...112i1301C|s2cid = 120207160|url = https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/62e2/6dad97b54cd43ba8c1a98bdaf99fd73c0c76.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200213113549/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/62e2/6dad97b54cd43ba8c1a98bdaf99fd73c0c76.pdf|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2020-02-13}}</ref>
Electronic textiles are distinct from and [[wearable computing]] because the emphasis is placed on the seamless integration of textiles with electronic elements like microcontrollers, sensors, and actuators. Furthermore, e-textiles need not be wearable. For instance, e-textiles are also found in interior design.
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# In "third-generation" wearables, the garment is the sensor. A growing number of companies are creating pressure, strain, and temperature sensors for this purpose.
Future applications for e-textiles may be developed for sports and well-being products, and medical devices for patient monitoring. Technical textiles, fashion and entertainment will also be significant applications.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.innovationintextiles.com/new-report-smart-textiles-and-wearables-markets-applications-and-technologies/|title=Smart Textiles and Wearables - Markets, Applications and Technologies|date=September 7, 2016|work=Innovation in Textiles|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907145805/http://www.innovationintextiles.com/new-report-smart-textiles-and-wearables-markets-applications-and-technologies/|archive-date=September 7, 2016}}</ref>
== History ==
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In 1985, inventor Harry Wainwright created the first fully animated sweatshirt. The shirt consisted of fiber optics, leads, and a microprocessor to control individual frames of animation. The result was a full-color cartoon displayed on the surface of the shirt. in 1995, Wainwright went on to invent the first machine enabling fiber optics to be machined into fabrics, the process needed for manufacturing enough for mass markets and, in 1997, hired a German machine designer, Herbert Selbach, from Selbach Machinery to produce the world's first CNC machine able to automatically implant fiber optics into any flexible material. Receiving the first of a dozen patents based on LED/Optic displays and machinery in 1989, the first CNC machines went into production in 1998 beginning with the production of animated coats for Disney Parks in 1998. The first ECG bio-physical display jackets employing LED/optic displays were created by Wainwright and David Bychkov, the CEO of Exmovere at the time in 2005 using GSR sensors in a watch connected via Bluetooth to the embedded machine washable display in a denim jacket and were demonstrated at the Smart Fabrics Conference held in Washington, D.C. May 7, 2007. Additional smart fabric technologies were unveiled by Wainwright at two Flextech Flexible Display conferences held in Phoenix, AZ, showing infrared digital displays machine-embedded into fabrics for [[Identification friend or foe|IFF (Identification of Friend or Foe)]] which were submitted to BAE Systems for evaluation in 2006 and won an "Honorable Mention" award from NASA in 2010 on their Tech Briefs, "Design the Future" contest. MIT personnel purchased several fully animated coats for their researchers to wear at their demonstrations in 1999 to bring attention to their "Wearable Computer" research. Wainwright was commissioned to speak at the Textile and Colorists Conference in Melbourne, Australia on June 5, 2012, where he was requested to demonstrate his fabric creations that change color using any smartphone, indicate callers on mobile phones without a digital display, and contain WIFI security features that protect purses and personal items from theft.
In the mid-1990s a team of MIT researchers led by [[Steve Mann (inventor)|Steve Mann]], [[Thad Starner]], and [[Sandy Pentland]] began to develop what they termed [[wearable computer]]s. These devices consisted of traditional computer hardware attached to and carried on the body. In response to technical, social, and design challenges faced by these researchers, another group at MIT, which included Maggie Orth and Rehmi Post, began to explore how such devices might be more gracefully integrated into clothing and other soft substrates. Among other developments, this team explored integrating digital electronics with conductive fabrics and developed a method for embroidering electronic circuits.<ref name="PostOrth2000">{{cite journal|last1=Post|first1=E. R.|last2=Orth|first2=M.|last3=Russo|first3=P. R.|last4=Gershenfeld|first4=N.|title=E-broidery: Design and fabrication of textile-based computing|journal=IBM Systems Journal|volume=39|issue=3.4|year=2000|pages=840–860|issn=0018-8670|doi=10.1147/sj.393.0840}}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|6210771|"Electrically active textiles and articles made therefrom."}}</ref> One of the first commercially available wearable Arduino based microcontrollers, called the Lilypad Arduino, was also created at the MIT Media Lab by Leah Buechley. Today these wearable computers can be considered to be apple watches or fitbits.
Fashion houses like CuteCircuit are utilizing e-textiles for their haute couture collections and special projects. CuteCircuit's Hug Shirt allows the user to send electronic hugs through sensors within the garment. CuteCircuit was founded in 2004 and brings a new and inventive way to the Fashion Industry.
== Overview ==
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