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[[File:Tomb of Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah 2.jpg|thumb|right|Tomb of the Muslim commander Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah]]
On 20 August 2010, it recorded a scorching temperature of 51.1 °C, the new official highest temperature in the history of Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jordanweather.jo/article_55 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823114830/http://www.jordanweather.jo/article_55 |archive-date=2011-08-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
== Identification ==
Deir Alla has been suggested to be the biblical [[Sukkot (place)#Transjordan|Sukkot]] in [[Transjordan in the Bible|Transjordan]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Misgav |first=Haggai |title=Archaeology and the Bible |date=2019-03-29 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2175qxj.30 |work=The Believer and the Modern Study of the Bible |pages=515–529 |publisher=Academic Studies Press |access-date=2022-04-04}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Glueck |first=Nelson |author-link1=Nelson Glueck|date=1950 |title=SOME BIBLICAL SITES IN THE JORDAN VALLEY |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23614779 |journal=Hebrew Union College Annual |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=105–129 |issn=0360-9049}}</ref> Some believe it to be the biblical [[Pethor]].<ref name=SheaTablets>W.H. Shea, "The Inscribed Tablets From Tell Deir `Alla" Part I: [https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1916&context=auss] Part II: [https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1911&context=auss] ''Andrews University Seminary Studies'', vol. 27, pp. 21-37, 97-119, 1989.</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=The Balaam Inscription from Deir ʿAlla: |date=2011-07-21 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv1bxh27v.15 |work=In Pursuit of Meaning |pages=143–158 |publisher=Penn State University Press |access-date=2022-04-04}}</ref>
It was also suggested by an early traveler to the site, [[Selah Merrill]], who found parallels with names in the Hebrew Bible.<ref>S. Merrill, East of the Jordan. New York: C.
==Archaeology==
The tell is 50 by 200 meters and rises to 27 meters above the plain. A series of Dutch excavations sponsored by the Netherlands Organisation for the Advancement of Pure Research began in 1960, under the auspices of the department of theology, [[University of Leiden]]. These excavations continued for five seasons until 1967.<ref>H. J. Franken, The Excavations at Deir ֝Allā in Jordan, Vetus Testamentum, vol. 10, Fasc. 4, pp. 386-393 (Oct., 1960)</ref><ref>H. J. Franken, The Excavations at Deir ֝Allā in Jordan: 2nd Season, Vetus Testamentum, vol. 11, Fasc. 4, pp. 361-372 (Oct., 1961)</ref><ref>H. J. Franken, The Excavations at Deir ʿAlla in Jordan: 3rd Season, Vetus Testamentum, vol 12, Issue: 4, pp. 378-382, 1962</ref><ref>H. J. Franken, Excavations at Deir 'Allā, Season 1964: Preliminary Report, Vetus Testamentum, vol. 14, Fasc. 4, pp. 417-422 (Oct., 1964)</ref> The excavation made its most dramatic discovery in 1967, an ink wall inscription relating a hitherto-unknown prophecy of [[Balaam]], who thereby becomes the first Old Testament prophet to be identified in an inscription.<ref>H. J. Franken and Ah J. Franken, ''Excavations at Tell Deir Alla: the Late Bronze Age Sanctuary'', David Brown, 1992, {{ISBN|90-6831-408-4}}</ref> After a long interruption, work resumed in 1976, initially under Franken, for several seasons.<ref>Ibrahim, Moawiyah et
At the end of the 1964 campaign, 11 [[clay tablet]]s, 3 inscribed in a [[West Semitic]] Early [[Caananite]] script, 7 bearing only dots, and one uninscribed, were discovered. The tablets were found in the destruction layer of storerooms dated by a cartouche of [[Queen Twosret]] of Egypt to around 1200 BC. Earlier objects were also found there so the tablets may well predate the destruction.<ref>H. J. Franken, Clay Tablets from Deir ʿAlla, Jordan, Vetus Testamentum, vol. 14, Fasc. 3, pp. 377-379 (Jul., 1964)</ref><ref>H. J. Franken, "The Stratigraphic Context of the Clay Tablets Found at Deir 'Alla," PEQ 96, pp. 73-7, 1964</ref><ref name=SheaTablets /> In the later excavations several more clay tablets were found, for a total of 15.<ref>[https://www.asor.org/anetoday/2021/01/enigmatic-tablets/ Michel de Vreeze - The Enigmatic Tablets from Late Bronze Age Deir ‘Alla] ANE Today, vol. IX, no. 1, January 2021</ref>
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==History==
The town was a sanctuary and metal-working centre, ringed by smelting furnaces built against the exterior of the city walls,<ref>Metal slag was found at every level, and often-rebuilt furnaces. (H.J. Franken, "The Excavations at Deir ʿAllā in Jordan" ''[[Vetus Testamentum]]'' '''10'''.4 [October 1960, pp. 386-393], p 389).</ref> whose successive rebuildings, dated by ceramics from the [[Late Bronze Age]], sixteenth century BCE, to the fifth century BCE, accumulated as a [[Tell (archaeology)|tell]] based on a low natural hill. The hopeful identification of the site as the biblical Sukkot is not confirmed by any inscription at the site.
Deir Alla was the first Bronze Age city excavated in Jordan. The initial expectations were of establishing a relative chronology of [[Pottery in Palestine|Palestine pottery]] in the transition between the [[Bronze Age]] to the [[Iron Age]], established through meticulous [[stratigraphy]]. It was intended to span a gap between established chronologies at [[Jericho]] and [[Samaria]].<ref>H.J. Franken,Excavations at Tell Deir ʻAlla, Leiden Brill, 1969</ref>
The oldest sanctuary at Deir Alla dates to the Late Bronze Age;<ref>There had been earlier, but unrelated [[Chalcolithic]] inhabitants of the tell. Franken (1961:371)</ref> it was peacefully rebuilt at intervals, the floor being raised as the tell accumulated height, and the squared altar stone renewed, each new one placed atop the previous one. The final sanctuary was obliterated in a fierce fire; the blackened remains of an Egyptian jar bearing the cartouche of Queen [[Twosret]] gives a [[terminus post quem]] of c. 1200 BCE, a date consonant with other [[Bronze Age collapse|twelfth-century urban destruction]] in the [[Ancient Near East]]. Unlike some other destroyed sites, Deir Alla's habitation continued after the disaster, without a break, into the [[Iron Age]]; the discontinuity was a cultural one, with highly developed pottery of a separate ceramic tradition post-dating the destruction.
===Ayyubid/Mamluk era===
A sugar mill, dating from the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]]/[[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] era, was in use in the village until 1967.<ref>Pringle, 1997, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC&pg=PA46 46]</ref>
===Ottoman era===
In 1596, during the [[Ottoman Empire]], Deir Alla was noted in the [[Defter|census]] as being located in the ''[[nahiya]]'' of ''Gawr'' in the ''[[Liwa (Arabic)|liwa]]'' of [[Ajloun]]. It had a population of 46 [[Muslim]] households and 4 Muslim bachelors. They paid a taxes on various agricultural products, including wheat, barley, sesame, cotton, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues, [[water buffalo]]s and a [[water mill]]; a total of 10,500 [[akçe]].<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 168</ref>
===Modern era===
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 1,190 inhabitants in Deir Alla.<ref>Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-p17.pdf 17]</ref>
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==Bibliography==
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*''Een Verhalla voor het Oprapen. Opgravingen de Deir Alla in de Jordaanvallei'', Leiden: Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, 1989. {{ISBN|90-71201-09-0}}
==See also==
*[[Cities of the ancient Near East]]
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