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[[Joseph Monier]], a 19th-century French gardener, was a pioneer in the development of structural, prefabricated and reinforced concrete, having been dissatisfied with the existing materials available for making durable flowerpots.<ref>{{cite book |last=Day |first=Lance |title=Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415060424 |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415060424/page/284 284] |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=0-203-02829-5}}</ref> He was granted a patent for reinforcing concrete flowerpots by means of mixing a wire mesh and a mortar shell. In 1877, Monier was granted another patent for a more advanced technique of reinforcing concrete columns and girders, using iron rods placed in a grid pattern. Though Monier undoubtedly knew that reinforcing concrete would improve its inner cohesion, it is not clear whether he even knew how much the [[Ultimate tensile strength|tensile strength]] of concrete was improved by the reinforcing.<ref name=Mörsch>{{cite book |last=Mörsch |first=Emil |title=Concrete-steel Construction: (Der Eisenbetonbau) |year=1909 |publisher=The Engineering News Publishing Company |pages=[https://archive.org/details/concretesteelco00goodgoog/page/n221 204]–210 |url=https://archive.org/details/concretesteelco00goodgoog}}</ref>
Before the 1870s, the use of concrete construction, though dating back to the [[Roman Empire]], and having been reintroduced in the early 19th century, was not yet a proven scientific technology. [[Thaddeus Hyatt]], published a report entitled ''An Account of Some Experiments with Portland-Cement-Concrete Combined with Iron as a Building Material, with Reference to Economy of Metal in Construction and for Security against Fire in the Making of Roofs, Floors, and Walking Surfaces'', in which he reported his experiments on the behavior of reinforced concrete.
[[Ernest L. Ransome]], an English-born engineer, was an early innovator of reinforced concrete techniques at the end of the 19th century. Using the knowledge of reinforced concrete developed during the previous 50 years, Ransome improved nearly all the styles and techniques of the earlier inventors of reinforced concrete. Ransome's key innovation was to twist the reinforcing steel bar, thereby improving its bond with the concrete.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mars|first1=Roman|title=Episode 81: Rebar and the Alvord Lake Bridge|url=http://99percentinvisible.org/episode/episode-81-rebar-and-the-alvord-lake-bridge/|website=[[99% Invisible]]|access-date=6 August 2014|archive-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808074102/http://99percentinvisible.org/episode/episode-81-rebar-and-the-alvord-lake-bridge/|url-status=live}}</ref> Gaining increasing fame from his concrete constructed buildings, Ransome was able to build two of the first reinforced concrete bridges in North America.<ref>{{cite book|last=Collins|first=Peter|title=Concrete: The Vision of a New Architecture|date=1920–1981|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|isbn=0-7735-2564-5|pages=61–64|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Zttxa_oHcEC&pg=PA58|access-date=2016-04-03|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709160745/https://books.google.com/books?id=7Zttxa_oHcEC&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref> One of his [[Smith-Ransome Japanese Bridge|bridges]] still stands on Shelter Island in New Yorks East End, One of the first concrete buildings constructed in the United States was a [[William E. Ward House|private home designed by William Ward]], completed in 1876. The home was particularly designed to be fireproof.
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