Springer Science+Business Media: Difference between revisions

[[Julius Springer]] founded '''Springer-Verlag''' in Berlin in 1842 and his son Ferdinand Springer grew it from a small firm of 4 employees into Germany's then second -largest academic publisher with 65 staff in 1872.<ref name=springer_history>{{cite web| url=https://www.springer.com/gp/about-springer/history| title=The Springer story (1842-2017)| at=Transition and restructuring (1999-2007)| accessdate=13 June 2021| website=springer.com}}</ref><ref name=springer_chron>"[https://www.springer.com/index.php?id=199 Chronology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414145907/https://www.springer.com/index.php?id=199 |date=2020-04-14 }}". Springer Science+Business Media.</ref> In 1964, Springer expanded its business internationally, opening an office in New York City. Offices in Tokyo, Paris, Milan, Hong Kong, and Delhi soon{{when|date=April 2020}} followed.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

In 1999, the academic publishing company '''BertelsmannSpringer''' was formed after the media and entertainment company [[Bertelsmann]] bought a majority stake in Springer-Verlag.<ref name=springer_history/><ref name=poynder2003/> In 2003, the British investment groups [[Cinven]] and [[Candover Investments|Candover]] bought BertelsmannSpringer from Bertelsmann .<ref name=poynder2003>Poynder, Richard. "[http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/nbReader.asp?ArticleId=16696 BertelsmannSpringer is Sold to Private Equity Firms]". ''Information Today''. May 27, 2003.</ref> They merged the company in 2004 with the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] publisher '''Kluwer Academic Publishers''' which they bought from [[Wolters Kluwer]] in 2002,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infotoday.com/newsbreaks/nb021104-1.htm |title=Kluwer Academic Publishers Sold to Venture Capitalists |publisher=Infotoday.com |access-date=2014-08-15}}</ref> to form '''Springer Science+Business Media.'''

As of 2014, Springer hosts a number of scientific databases, including SpringerLink, and SpringerImages.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

According to [[Goodhart's law]] and concerned academics like the signatories of the [[San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment]], commercial academic publishers benefit from manipulation of [[bibliometrics]] and [[scientometrics]] like the [[journal impact factor]], which is often used as [[Proxy (statistics)|a proxy]] of [[Occupational prestige|prestige]] and can influence revenues, including [[subsidy|public subsidies]] in the form of subscriptions and free work from academics.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Erin C.|last1=McKiernan|first2=Lesley A.|last2=Schimanski|first3=Carol|last3=Muñoz Nieves|first4=Lisa|last4=Matthias|title=Use of the Journal Impact Factor in academic review, promotion, and tenure evaluations|date=April 9, 2019|doi=10.7287/peerj.preprints.27638v2|doi-access=free|first5=Meredith T.|last5=Niles|first6=Juan Pablo|last6=Alperin|journal=eLife|volume=8|pmid=31364991|pmc=6668985}}</ref>