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[[Image:Rwandan Soldiers airlifted to Darfur 17july2005.jpg|right|thumb|229px|AMIS soldiers from Rwanda preparing to depart to Darfur in 2005.]]
'''The African Union Mission in Sudan''' (AMIS) was an [[African Union]] (AU) peacekeeping force operating primarily in the country's western region of [[Darfur]] to perform peacekeeping operations related to the [[Darfur conflict]]. It was founded in 2004, with a force of 150 troops. By mid-2005, its numbers were increased to about 7,000.<ref>[http://www.africa-union.org/DARFUR/homedar.htm "The situation in the Darfur region of the Sudan"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025042834/http://www.africa-union.org/DARFUR/homedar.htm |date=25 October
==Overview (2004–2006)==
{{Darfur conflict}}
AMIS originated in early July 2004, when both the African Union and [[European Union]] sent monitors to monitor the [[Darfur crisis]] cease-fire signed in April 2004. In August 2004, the African Union sent 150 [[Rwanda]]n troops to protect the ceasefire monitors. It, however, soon became apparent that 150 troops would not be enough, so they were joined by 150 [[Nigeria]]n troops. In April 2005, after the government of Sudan signed a ceasefire agreement with [[Sudan People's Liberation Army]] which led to the end of the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]], the AMIS force was increased by 600 troops and 80 military observers. In July 2005, the force was increased by about 3,300 (with a budget of 220 million dollars). In April 2005, AMIS was increased to about 7,000 (at a cost of over 450 million dollars),<ref>Henri Boshoff, [http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/ASR/14No3/AWBoshoff.htm "The African Union Mission in Sudan: Technical and operational dimensions"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012025017/http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/ASR/14No3/AWBoshoff.htm |date=
==International response (2004)==
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==Attempted reconciliation (2005)==
On
To support the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] signed by the government of Sudan and the [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement]] on January 9, 2005, to perform certain functions relating to humanitarian assistance, protection, promotion of human rights, and to support AMIS, the UN Security Council established the [[United Nations Mission In Sudan]] (UNMIS) under [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1590|Resolution 1590]] on March 24, 2005 because the Security Council deemed the [[situation in Darfur]] to be a "threat to peace and international [[security]]."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unmis/ |title=Welcome to the United Nations |access-date=2017-06-28 |archive-date=2021-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617215906/https://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unmis/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unmis.org/english/en-main.htm|title=UNMIS website|accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
July 2005 saw that there had been no major conflicts since January, and the numbers of attacks on villages was dropping. At the time, there were about 3,000 AMIS troops to keep the peace, and more due to arrive in the coming months, eventually reaching 7,000 troops in April. In keeping with a decision made by the Peace and Security Council, Nigeria sent a battalion of 680 troops on Wednesday, July 13, 2005, with two more coming soon thereafter. Rwanda will send a battalion of troops, [[Senegal]], [[Gambia]], [[Kenya]] and [[South Africa]] will send troops as well. [[Canada]] is providing 105 armoured vehicles, training and maintenance assistance, and personal protective equipment in support of the efforts of the AMIS.
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==Attacks on the African Union (2005)==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2012}}
Forces from the Sudanese rebel group, the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), assisted in liberating 38 African Union (AU) personnel that had been taken hostage on
Saleh was the military head of JEM when it signed a ceasefire agreement in April, but later split with the group's leadership. It is said that he subsequently commanded "thousands" of troops in the Darfur region, and is looking for a seat at the ongoing peace talks. He accused the AU of taking sides, and stated that he will not honour the ceasefire. While speaking with [[Reuters]], Saleh said, "We want the AU to leave, and we have warned them not to travel to our areas. We don't know and don't care what is happening to the AU, they are part of the conflict now."
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"Both rebels and government must understand that, if these incidents continue, it will impede [[humanitarian assistance]] and delivery." This marked the first time the African Union has suffered casualties in the region. Three personnel were killed in attacks believed to be perpetrated by the Sudan Liberation Army (SLA).
Despite the violence, the SLA, JEM, and the AU have promised to continue the peace talks which are being held in [[Abuja]]. In November 2005 in response to attacks on African Union troops, the government of Sudan agreed to the deployment of 105 [[armoured personnel carriers]] from Canada which were to arrive on November 17, also another round, the seventh, of peace talks started on
<!--==Expansion of Conflict==
In December 2005 the [[Politics of Chad|government of Chad]] declared a 'state of belligerency' existed with Sudan. See [[Chad-Sudan conflict]] [needs relation to AMIS-->
==Failed UN handover and mandate extensions (2006–2007)==
On 31 March
In May 2007, the AU declared that AMIS was on the point of collapse. In the previous month seven peacekeepers had been killed, while lack of funding had caused soldiers' salaries to go unpaid for several months. Rwanda and Senegal warned that they would withdraw their forces if UN member nations did not live up to their commitments of funding and supplies. [[John Predergast]] of the [[International Crisis Group]] noted,
<blockquote>The big money problem is that the Americans and the Europeans promised over the last decade that as long as the Africans deployed in these kinds of situations, we would pay for the soldiers and equip them. And we haven't done it.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201567.html?hpid=moreheadlines "African Union Force Low on Money, Supplies and Morale"], ''[[The Washington Post]]'',
On July 31, 2007, the United Nations Security Council approved by [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1769]] the mandate for [[UNAMID]], which was to take over operations from AMIS by December 31, 2007.<ref>
AMIS was merged into UNAMID on 31 December 2007.<ref>
==30 September 2007 raid on AU base==
{{main|Haskanita raid}}
On
==Peacekeeper fatalities==
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* Three Nigerian soldiers were killed in an ambush near Kourabashi on October 8, 2005, two AU civilian contractors were also killed in the attack.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/09/AR2005100901096_pf.html Darfur Rebels Abduct African Union Team<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* A Rwandan soldier was killed in a vehicle accident on
* One Nigerian soldier was killed when his patrol was attacked on the road between the AU camp and the town of Misteria on
* Two Rwandan soldiers were killed in an attack on a fuel convoy traveling from El Nahud to El Fasher in the Kutum area on
* A Rwandan soldier was killed in a vehicle accident on
* Two Nigerian soldiers were abducted in El Fasher on
* One Indian soldier was killed while escorting a de-mining team near Magwe on January 27, 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2007Jan26/0,4670,UNSudanPeacekeeperKilled,00.html |title=FOXNews.com - Indian Peacekeeper Killed in Sudan - International News {{!}} News of the World {{!}} Middle East News {{!}} Europe News<!-- Bot generated title --> |website=[[Fox News]] |access-date=2008-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171518/http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2007Jan26/0,4670,UNSudanPeacekeeperKilled,00.html |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status = dead}}</ref>
* An unidentified soldier was killed in an ambush in the Kassab refugee camp on 1 February
* A Rwandan soldier died of malaria on
* Two Nigerian soldiers were killed in an ambush in Graida on 6 March
* Five Senegalese soldiers were killed while guarding a watering point near Chad.<ref>
* One Rwandan soldier was killed in an ambush in Sortoni on
* One Ghanaian soldier was killed in an ambush in Nyala on
* An Egyptian soldier was killed after robbers broke into a house near al-Fasher May 26, 2007.<ref>
* Seven Nigerians, one Malian, one Senegalese and one Botswana soldier were killed when [[Haskanita raids|their base was overrun by 1,000 rebels in Haskanita]] on
==References==
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==Evaluation and lessons learned==
Guicherd, Catherine. The AU in Sudan: Lessons for the African Standby Force, New York, International Peace Academy, 2007
{{African Union}}
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