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Traditional Indigenous languages often incorporated sign systems to aid communication with the hearing impaired, to complement verbal communication, and to replace verbal communication when the spoken language was forbidden for cultural reasons. Many of these sign systems are still in use.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Fiona |date=19 June 2021 |title=Aboriginal sign languages have been used for thousands of years |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-19/australian-indigenous-sign-languages/100185504 |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=ABC News online}}</ref>
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{{Culture of Australia}}
=== Sign languages ===
The Australian sign language [[Auslan]] was used at home by 16,242 people at the time of the 2021 census.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=Census of Population and Housing: Cultural diversity data summary, 2021, TABLE 5. LANGUAGE USED AT HOME BY STATE AND TERRITORY |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021#data-downloads |access-date=7 May 2023 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> Over 2,000 people used other sign languages at home in 2021. There is a small community of people who use [[Australian Irish Sign Language]].<ref>{{cite web |title=austririshsign-adam-0376 |url=https://www.elararchive.org/uncategorized/SO_9c3cfc02-f7c0-4571-8e5e-5e5983ebd5a8/ |access-date=24 December 2022 |website=Endangered Languages Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Australian Irish Sign Language: a minority sign language within a larger sign language community |url=https://cultureincrisis.org/projects/australian-irish-sign-language-a-minority-sign-language-within-a-larger-sign-language-community |access-date=24 December 2022 |website=Culture in Crisis}}</ref>
=== Norf'k-Pitcairn ===
[[Norfuk language|Norf'k-Pitcairn]], a creole of 18th century English and Tahitian, was introduced to Norfolk Island by Pitcairn settlers after 1856. In 2021, it was used at home by 907 people, mostly on Norfolk Island.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2022 |title=Understanding ancestry, language and birthplace of the Norfolk Island population |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/understanding-ancestry-language-and-birthplace-norfolk-island-population |access-date=9 May 2023 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>
=== Other spoken languages ===
The proportion of Australians speaking a language other than English increased after the Second World War due to the immigration of refugees and displaced persons from European countries. In the 21st century, there was another sharp increase in immigration, especially from Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2022 |title=Cultural diversity of Australia |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/cultural-diversity-australia |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> In 2021, 5.8 million people (22.8% of the population) reported using a language other than English at home. The ten most common of these were: Mandarin (2.7% of census respondents), Arabic (1.4%), Vietnamese (1.3%), Cantonese (1.2%), Punjabi (0.9%), Greek (0.9%), Italian (0.9%), Hindi (0.8%), Spanish (0.7%) and Nepali (0.5%).
== Foreign languages ==
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