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| term_start3 = April 1, 1823
| term_end3 = October 10, 1824
| predecessor3 = Constitutional Monarchy<br />[[Agustín I]]
| successor3 = Federal Republic<br />[[Guadalupe Victoria]]
| birth_name = Vicente Ramón Guerrero
| birth_date = August 10, 1782 (baptism date)
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| spouse = María Guadalupe Hernández
| children = 2
| profession = [[Officer (armed forces)|Military Officer]]<br />[[Politician]]
| signature = Firma Vicente Guerrero.png
| signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink
| allegiance = [[Image:Flag of the Three Guarantees.svg|24px]] [[Army of the Three Guarantees]]<br />[[Image:Bandera Histórica de la República Mexicana (1824-1918).svg|24px]] [[First Mexican Republic|Mexico]]
| branch = [[Mexican Army]]
| serviceyears = 1810–1821
| rank = [[General]]<br />[[Lieutenant colonel]]<br />[[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| commands = [[Mexican War of Independence]]
| battles = [[Battle of El Veladero]]<br />[[Siege of Cuautla]]<br />[[Battle of Izúcar]]<br />[[Siege of Huajuapan de León]]<br />[[Battle of Zitlala]]<br />[[Capture of Oaxaca (1812)|Capture of Oaxaca]]<br />[[Siege of Acapulco (1813)|Siege of Acapulco]]
| awards =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Vicente Ramón Guerrero''' ({{IPA-es|biˈsente raˈmoŋ ɡeˈreɾo|lang}}; baptized August 10, 1782 – February 14, 1831) was a Mexican soldier and statesman who become the nation's second president. He was one of the leading generals who fought against Spain during the [[Mexican War of Independence]].
During his presidency, he abolished [[slavery]] in Mexico.<ref>Green, Stanley C. ''The Mexican Republic: The First Decade, 1823–1832''. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 1987. p. 119.</ref> Guerrero was deposed in a rebellion by his Vice-President [[Anastasio Bustamante]].<ref>Anna, Timothy E. ''Forging Mexico, 1821–1835''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1998, 242.</ref>
==Early life==
Vicente Guerrero was born in [[Tixtla]], a town 100 kilometers inland from the port of [[Acapulco]], in the [[Sierra Madre del Sur]]; his parents were María Guadalupe Rodríguez Saldaña, and Juan Pedro Guerrero. His father's family included landlords, wealthy farmers, and traders with broad business connections in the south, members of the Spanish militia, and gun and cannon makers. In his youth, he worked for his father's freight business that used mules for transport, a prosperous business during this time. His travels took him to different parts of Mexico where he heard of the idea of independence. There is controversy regarding Guerrero's ethnic origin, with some authors describing him as indigenous, mestizo, or African. However, no portraits of him were made during his lifetime and those made posthumously may not be reliable. Fellow insurgent [[José María Morelos]] described him as a "young man with bronzed or tanned skin ("broncineo" in Spanish), tall and strong (N.B. "forbid", strapping, muscular), [[aquiline nose]], bright and light-colored eyes and big sideburns".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/14876/vicente-guerrero-saldana|title=Vicente Guerrero Saldaña | Real Academia de la Historia|website=dbe.rah.es}}</ref>
Vicente's father, Juan Pedro, supported [[Monarchy of Spain|Spanish rule]], whereas his uncle, Diego Guerrero, had an important position in the Spanish militia. As an adult, Vicente was opposed to the Spanish colonial government. When his father asked him for his sword in order to present it to the [[viceroy]] of [[New Spain]] as a sign of goodwill, Vicente refused, saying, "The will of my father is for me sacred, but my Fatherland is first."{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} ''"Mi patria es primero"'' is now the motto of the southern Mexican state of [[Guerrero]], named in honor of the revolutionary. Guerrero enlisted in [[José María Morelos]]'s insurgent army of the south in December 1810. He was married to María Guadalupe Hernández; their daughter María Dolores Guerrero Hernández married Mariano Riva Palacio, who was the defense lawyer of [[Maximilian I of Mexico]] in [[Querétaro]], and was the mother of late nineteenth-century intellectual [Vicente Riva Palacio].
==Insurgent==
[[File:Vicente Guerrero, principios del s. xix.png|left|thumb|170px|Profile portrait of Vicente Guerrero on an early 19th-century [[snuffbox]] (enamelled brass on lacquered wood)]]
[[File:Abrazo de Acatempan.JPG|thumb|[[Embrace of Acatempan|''Abrazo'' of Acatempan]], between Guerrero and Iturbide, [[Ramón Sagredo]], 1870, oil on canvas]]
In 1810, Guerrero joined in the early revolt against Spain, first fighting in the forces of secular priest [[José María Morelos]]. When the [[Mexican War of Independence]] began, Guerrero was working as a gunsmith in Tixtla.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} He joined the rebellion in November 1810 and enlisted in a division that independence leader Morelos had organized to fight in southern Mexico. Guerrero distinguished himself in the Battle of [[Izúcar]], in February 1812, and had achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel when Oaxaca was claimed by rebels in November 1812.<ref name=richmond616>Richmond, "Vicente Guerrero", p. 616.</ref> Initial victories by Morelos's forces faltered, and Morelos himself was captured and executed in December 1815. Guerrero joined forces with [[Guadalupe Victoria]] and [[Isidoro Montes de Oca]], taking the position of "Commander in Chief" of the rebel troops. In 1816, the royal government under Viceroy Apodaca sought to end the insurgency, offering amnesty. Guerrero's father carried an appeal for his son to surrender, but Guerrero refused. He remained the only major rebel leader still at large and kept the rebellion going through an extensive campaign of guerrilla warfare. He won victories at Ajuchitán, Santa Fe, Tetela del Río, [[Huetamo]], [[Tlalchapa]], and Cuautlotitlán, regions of southern Mexico that were very familiar to him.
Hoping to extinguish the rebellion, the royal government sent [[Agustín de Iturbide]] against Guerrero's forces. Guerrero was victorious against Iturbide, who realized that there was a military stalemate. Guerrero appealed to Iturbide to abandon his royalist loyalty and to join the fight for independence.<ref>Richmond, "Vicente Guerrero", pp.
The Plan of Iguala proclaimed independence, called for a [[constitutional monarchy]] and the continued place of the Roman Catholic Church, and abolished the formal ''[[casta]]'' system of racial classification. Clause 12 was incorporated into the plan: "All inhabitants... without distinction of their European, African or Indian origins are citizens... with full freedom to pursue their livelihoods according to their merits and virtues."<ref name="The Legacy of Vincent Guerrero">{{cite book|last=Vincent|first=Theodore G.|title=The Legacy of Vicmente Guerrero, Mexico's First Black Indian President|year=2001|publisher=University of Florida Press|pages=94–96}}</ref><ref>Richmond, "Vicente Guerrero", p. 617.</ref> The Army of the Three Guarantees marched triumphantly into Mexico City on September 27, 1821.<ref name="The Mexican Wars for Independence">{{cite book|last=Henderson|first=Timothy J.|title=The Mexican Wars for Independence|url=https://archive.org/details/mexicanwarsforin00hend|url-access=registration|year=2009|publisher=Hill and Wang|isbn=978-0-8090-6923-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/mexicanwarsforin00hend/page/178 178]}}</ref>
Iturbide was proclaimed [[Emperor of Mexico]] by Congress. In January 1823, Guerrero, along with [[Nicolás Bravo]], rebelled against Iturbide, returning to southern Mexico to raise rebellion, according to some assessments because their careers had been blocked by the emperor. Their stated objectives were to restore the Constituent Congress. Guerrero and Bravo were defeated by Iturbide's forces at Almolongo, now in the State of Guerrero, less than a month later.<ref>Anna, Timothy E. ''Forging Mexico, 1821–1835''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1998. p. 105.</ref> When Iturbide's imperial government collapsed in 1823, Guerrero was named one of Constituent Congress's ruling triumvirate.<ref>Anna, ''Forging Mexico'', pp.
==1828 presidential election==
[[File:Vicente Guerrero (1865).png|thumb|200px|Oil painting of Vicente Guerrero, by Ramón Sagredo (1865).]]
Guerrero was a liberal by conviction, and active in the [[Yorkino|York Rite]] Masons, established in Mexico after independence by [[Joel Roberts Poinsett]], the U.S. diplomatic representative to the newly independent Mexico. The [[Scottish Rite]] Masons had been established before independence. Following independence the ''Yorkinos'' appealed to a broad range of Mexico's populace, as opposed to the Scottish Rite Masons, who were a bulwark of conservatism, and in the absence of established political parties, rival groups of Masons functioned as political organizations. Guerrero had a large following among urban ''Yorkinos'', who were mobilized during the 1828 election campaign and afterwards, in the ouster of the president-elect, [[Manuel Gómez Pedraza]].<ref>Green, Stanley C. ''The Mexican Republic: The First Decade, 1823–1832''. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 1987, pp. 87–111,
In 1828, the four-year term of the first president of the republic, [[Guadalupe Victoria]], came to an end. Unlike the first presidential election and the president serving his full term, the election of 1828 was highly partisan. Guerrero's supporters included federalist liberals, members of the radical wing of the York Rite Freemasons. General Gómez Pedraza won the September 1828 election to succeed Guadalupe Victoria, with Guerrero coming in second and [[Anastasio Bustamante]], third through indirect election of Mexico's state legislatures. Gómez Pedraza was the candidate of the "Impartials", composed of Yorkinos concerned about the radicalism of Guerrero and Scottish Rite Masons (''Escocés''), who sought a new political party. Among those who were Impartials were distinguished federalist Yorkinos [[Valentín Gómez Farías]] and [[Miguel Ramos Arizpe]].<ref>Anna, Timothy E. ''Forging Mexico, 1821–1835''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1998. p. 207.</ref> The U.S. diplomatic representative in Mexico, [[Joel Roberts Poinsett]] was enthusiastic about Guerrero's candidacy, writing {{quote|"....A man who is held up as ostensible head of the party, and who will be their candidate for the next presidency, is General Guerrero, one of the most distinguished chiefs of the revolution. Guerrero is uneducated, but possesses excellent natural talents, combined with great decision of character and undaunted courage. His violent temper renders him difficult to control, and therefore I consider Zavala's presence here indispensably necessary, as he possesses great influence over the general."| Joel R. Poinsett, US minister for Mexico (i.e. Ambassador), about the character of Vicente Guerrero}}
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Two weeks after the September 1 election, [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] rose in rebellion in support of Guerrero. As governor of the strategic state of Veracruz and former general in the war of independence, Santa Anna was a powerful figure in the early republic, but he was unable to persuade the state legislature to support Guerrero in the indirect elections. Santa Anna resigned the governorship and led 800 troops loyal to him in capturing the fortress of Perote, near Xalapa. He issued a political plan there calling for the nullification of Gómez Pedraza's election and the declaration of Guerrero as president.<ref>Anna, ''Forging Mexico'', p. 218.</ref>
[[File:Litografia de El Parian.PNG|left|thumb|200px|El Parián market in the zócalo, lithograph, early 19th century.]]
In November 1828 in Mexico City, Guerrero supporters took control of the Accordada, a former prison transformed into an armory, and days of fighting occurred in the capital. President-elect Gómez Pedraza had not yet taken office and at this juncture he resigned and soon went into exile in England.<ref name="A Glorio of President Vicente Ramon Guerrero">{{cite web|last=Katz|first=William Loren|title=The Majestic Life of President Vicente Ramon Guerrero |url=http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/guerrero.html|publisher=William Loren Katz|accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> With the resignation of the president-elect and the ineffective rule of the sitting president, civil order dissolved. On 4 December 1828, a riot broke out in the Zócalo and the Parián market, where luxury goods were sold, was looted. Order was restored within a day, but elites in the capital were alarmed at the violence of the popular classes and the huge property losses.<ref>Arrom, Silvia. "Popular Politics in Mexico City: The Parián Riot, 1828". ''Hispanic American Historical Review'' 68, no. 2 (May 1988):
==Presidency
{{Infobox cabinet members
| topimage = [[File:Escudo de la Primera República Federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos.svg|50px]]
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A liberal folk hero of the independence insurgency, Guerrero became president on 1 April 1829, with conservative Anastasio Bustamante as his vice president. For some of Guerrero's supporters, a visibly mixed-race man from Mexico's periphery becoming president of Mexico was a step toward what one 1829 pamphleteer called "the reconquest of this land by its legitimate owners" and called Guerrero "that immortal hero, favorite son of [[Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)|Nezahualcoyotzin]]", the famous ruler of prehispanic [[Texcoco (altepetl)|Texcoco]].<ref>Quoted in Hale, Charles A. ''Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora''. New Haven: Yale University Press 1968. p. 224.</ref> Some creole elites (American-born whites of Spanish heritage) were alarmed by Guerrero as president, a group that liberal [[Lorenzo de Zavala]] disparagingly called "the new Mexican aristocracy".<ref>Hale, ''Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora'', p. 224.</ref>
Guerrero set about creating a cabinet of liberals, but his government already encountered serious problems, including its very legitimacy, since president-elect Gómez Pedraza had resigned under pressure. Some traditional federalists leaders, who might have supported Guerrero, did not do so because of the electoral irregularities. The national treasury was empty and future revenues were already liened. Spain continued to deny Mexico's independence and threatened reconquest.<ref>Green, ''The Mexican Republic'', pp.
A key achievement of his presidency was the total abolition of slavery in Mexico. The slave trade had already been banned by the Spanish authorities in 1818, a ban that had been reconfirmed by the nascent Mexican government in 1824. A few Mexican states had also already abolished the practice of slavery, but it was not until September 16, 1829 that total abolition across the nation was proclaimed by the Guerrero administration. Slavery at this point barely existed throughout Mexico, and only the state of [[Coahuila y Tejas]] was significantly affected, due to the immigration of slaveowners from the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bancroft|first=Hubert|date=1862 |title=History of Mexico Vol. 5|location=New York |publisher=The Bancroft Company|pages=79–80|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmexico05banc/}}</ref>
Guerrero called for public schools, land title reforms, industry and trade development, and other programs of a liberal nature. As president, Guerrero championed the causes of the racially oppressed and economically oppressed. Initially, the leader of the colonization of Texas, [[Stephen F. Austin]], proved enthusiastic towards the Mexican government. {{quote| "This is the most liberal and munificent Government on earth to emigrants – after being here one year you will oppose a change even to Uncle Sam"| ''Stephen Fuller Austin, 1829, letter to his sister describing Guerrero's Government of Mexico (and Texas)''}}
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==Fall and execution==
[[File:
Guerrero was deposed in a rebellion under Vice-President [[Anastasio Bustamante]] that began on 4 December 1829. Guerrero left the capital to fight in the south, but was deposed by the Mexico City garrison in his absence on 17 December 1829. Guerrero had returned to the region of southern Mexico where he had fought during the war of independence.
Open warfare between Guerrero and his opponent in the region [[Nicolás Bravo]] was fierce. Bravo had been a royalist officer and Guerrero was an insurgent hero. Bravo controlled the highlands of the region, including the town of Guerrero's birth, Tixtla. Guerrero had strength in the hot coastal regions of the Costa Grande and Tierra Caliente, with mixed race populations that had been mobilized during the insurgency for independence. Bravo's area had a mixed population, but politically was dominated by whites. The conflict in the south occurred for all of 1830, as conservatives consolidated power in Mexico City.<ref name=forging241>Anna, ''Forging Mexico'', p. 241.</ref>
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==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=23em}}
* [[Filipino immigration to Mexico]]
* [[Gaspar Yanga]]
* [[History of Mexico]]
* [[José María Larios]]
* [[Liberalism in Mexico]]
* [[List of presidents of Mexico]]
* [[List of wars involving Mexico]]
{{div col end}}
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==Further reading==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Anna, Timothy E. ''The Mexican Empire of Iturbide''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1990.
* Anna, Timothy E. ''Forging Mexico, 1821–1835''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1998.
* Arrom, Silvia. "Popular Politics in Mexico City: The Parián Riot, 1828". Hispanic American Historical Review 68, no. 2 (May 1988):
* Avila, Alfredo. "La presidencia de Vicente Guerrero", in Will Fowler, ed., ''Gobernantes mexicanos'', Mexico City, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2008, t. I, p. 27–49. {{ISBN|978-968-16-8369-6}}.
* Bazant, Jan. "From Independence to the Liberal Republic, 1821–67" in ''Mexico since Independence'', edited by Leslie Bethelll. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991.
* González Pedrero, Enrique. ''País de un solo hombre: el México de Santa Anna. Volumen II'' : La sociedad de fuego cruzado 1829–1836 : [[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]. {{ISBN|968-16-6377-2}}.
* Green, Stanley C. ''The Mexican Republic: The First Decade 1823–1832''. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 1987.
* Guardino, Peter F. ''Peasants, Politics, and the Formation of Mexico's National State: Guerrero 1800–1857''. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1996.
* Hale, Charles A. ''Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora''. New Haven: Yale University Press 1968.
* Hamnett, Brian. ''Roots of Insurgency: Mexican Regions, 1750–1824''. New York: Cambridge University Press 1986.
* Harrell, Eugene Wilson. "Vicente Guerrero and the Birth of Modern Mexico, 1821–1831". PhD dissertation, Tulane University 1976.
* {{cite book|last=Huerta-Nava|first=Raquel|title=El Guerrero del Alba. La vida de Vicente Guerrero|year=2007|publisher=Grijalbo|isbn=978-970-780-929-1}}
* Ramírez Fentanes, Luis. ''Vicente Guerrero, Presidente de México''. Mexico City: Comisión de Historia Militar 1958.
* Richmond, Douglas W. "Vicente Guerrero" in ''Encyclopedia of Mexico''. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp.
* Sims, Harold. ''The Expulsion of Mexico's Spaniards, 1821–1836''. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 1990.
* Sprague, William. ''Vicente Guerrero, Mexican Liberator: A Study in Patriotism''. Chicago: Donnelley 1939.
* Vincent, Theodore G. ''The Legacy of Vicente Guerrero, Mexico's First Black Indian President''. University of Florida Press 2001. {{ISBN|0813024226}}
{{div col end|2}}
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