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[[File:Nezperce01.png|thumb|upright=1.20|Original Nez Perce territory (green) and the reduced reservation of 1863 (brown)]]
'''''Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt''''' (or '''''hinmatóowyalahtq̓it''''' in [[Americanist phonetic notation|Americanist]] orthography), popularly known as '''Chief Joseph''', '''Young Joseph''', or '''Joseph the Younger''' (March 3, 1840 – September 21, 1904), was a leader of the wal-lam-wat-kain (Wallowa) band of [[Nez Perce people|Nez Perce]], a [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] tribe of the interior [[Pacific Northwest]] region of the [[United States]], in the latter half of the 19th century. He succeeded his father [[Old Chief Joseph|tuekakas]] (Chief Joseph the Elder) in the early 1870s.
aty" and "treaty" bands of Nez Perce. The "treaty" Nez Perce moved within the new reservation's boundaries, while the "non-treaty" Nez Perce remained on their ancestral lands. Joseph the Elder demarcated Wallowa land with a series of poles, proclaiming, "Inside this boundary all our people were born. It circles the graves of our fathers, and we will never give up these graves to any man."▼
Chief Joseph led his band of Nez Perce during the most tumultuous period in their history, when they were [[Indian removal|forcibly removed]] by the [[Federal government of the United States|United States federal government]] from their ancestral lands in the [[Wallowa River|Wallowa Valley]] of northeastern [[Oregon]] onto a significantly reduced [[Indian reservation|reservation]] in the [[Idaho Territory]]. A series of violent encounters with white settlers in the spring of 1877 culminated in those Nez Perce who resisted removal, including Joseph's band and an allied band of the [[Palouse]] tribe, to flee the United States in an attempt to reach [[Right of asylum|political asylum]] alongside the [[Lakota people]], who had sought refuge in [[Canada]] under the leadership of [[Sitting Bull]].
At least 800 men, women, and children led by Joseph and other Nez Perce chiefs were pursued by the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] under [[General (United States)|General]] [[Oliver O. Howard]] in a {{convert|1170|mi|-2|adj=on}} fighting retreat known as the [[Nez Perce War]]. The skill with which the Nez Perce fought and the manner in which they conducted themselves in the face of incredible adversity earned them widespread admiration from their military opponents and the American public, and coverage of the war in [[Newspapers in the United States|U.S. newspapers]] led to popular recognition of Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce.
In October 1877, after months of fugitive resistance, most of the surviving remnants of Joseph's band were cornered in northern [[Montana Territory]], just {{convert|40|mi|km}} from the Canadian border. Unable to fight any longer, Chief Joseph surrendered to the Army with the understanding that he and his people would be allowed to return to the reservation in western Idaho. He was instead transported between various forts and reservations on the southern Great Plains before being moved to the [[Colville Indian Reservation]] in the state of [[Washington (state)|Washington]], where he died in 1904.
Chief Joseph's life remains an iconic event in the history of the [[American Indian Wars]]. For his passionate, principled resistance to his tribe's forced removal, Joseph became renowned as both a [[humanitarian]] and a peacemaker.
==Background==
Chief Joseph was born ''Hinmuuttu-yalatlat'' (alternatively ''Hinmaton-Yalaktit'' or ''hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt'' {{bracket}}[[Nez Perce language|Nez Perce]]: "Thunder Rolling Down the Mountain"], or ''hinmatóoyalahtq'it'' ["Thunder traveling to higher areas"])<ref>{{cite web |author=TonyIngram - [email protected] |url=http://www.nezperce.org/Official/commands.htm |title=Nez Perce language |publisher=Nezperce.org |access-date=2013-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528175104/http://www.nezperce.org/Official/commands.htm |archive-date=May 28, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in the [[Wallowa River|Wallowa Valley]] of [[eastern Oregon|northeastern Oregon]]. He was known as Young Joseph during his youth because his father, [[Old Chief Joseph|tuekakas]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.windriverhistory.org/exhibits/chiefjoseph/chiefjoseph01.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012054906/http://www.windriverhistory.org/exhibits/chiefjoseph/chiefjoseph01.htm|archive-date=2013-10-12 |title=Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce Indians|publisher=[[Chief Washakie Foundation]]|author= William R. Swagerty, [[University of the Pacific, Stockton]]|date= June 8, 2005|access-date=April 6, 2013}}</ref> was baptized with the same Christian name and later become known as "Old Joseph" or "Joseph the Elder".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/a_c/chiefjoseph.htm |title=THE WEST – Chief Joseph |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=2011-10-31}}</ref>
While initially hospitable to the region's white settlers, Joseph the Elder grew wary when they demanded more Indian lands. Tensions grew as the settlers appropriated traditional Indian lands for farming and livestock. [[Isaac Stevens]], [[List of Governors of Washington|governor]] of the [[Washington Territory]], organized a council to designate separate areas for natives and settlers in 1855. Joseph the Elder and the other Nez Perce chiefs signed the [[Treaty of Walla Walla]],<ref>{{cite journal| last = Trafzer| first = Clifford E.| date = Fall 2005| url = http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ohq/106.3/trafzer.html| title = Legacy of the Walla Walla Council, 1955| journal = Oregon Historical Quarterly| volume = 106| issue = 3| pages = 398–411| doi = 10.1353/ohq.2005.0006| s2cid = 166019157| issn = 0030-4727}}</ref> with the United States establishing a Nez Perce reservation encompassing {{convert|7700000|acre|sqkm}} in present-day Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. The 1855 reservation maintained much of the traditional Nez Perce lands, including Joseph's Wallowa Valley.<ref>{{cite book| author=Josephy, Alvin M. Jr. |title=The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the Northwest|location= Boston: Mariner|date= 1997|page= 334}}</ref> It is recorded that the elder Joseph requested that Young Joseph protect their 7.7-million-acre homeland, and guard his father's burial place.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.nps.gov/nepe/historyculture/old-chief-joseph-gravesite.htm|title = Old Chief Joseph Gravesite|access-date = 2014-10-23|website = U.S. National Park Service}}</ref>
In 1863, however, an influx of new settlers, attracted by a [[gold rush]], led the government to call a second council. Government commissioners asked the Nez Perce to accept a new, much smaller reservation of {{convert|760000|acre|sqkm|-2}} situated around the village of [[Lapwai, Idaho|Lapwai]] in western [[Idaho Territory]], and excluding the Wallowa Valley.<ref name=trtypd>{{cite news |url=https://www.nps.gov/nepe/learn/historyculture/the-treaty-era.htm |publisher=Nez Perce National Historical Park |agency=National Park Service |title=The Treaty Period |access-date=April 5, 2016}}</ref><ref name=trmap63>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=34NfAAAAIBAJ&pg=2266%2C2857500|newspaper=Lewiston Morning Tribune|location=Idaho|title=Historical look at boundaries|date=February 25, 1990|page=5-centennial}}</ref> In exchange, they were promised financial rewards, schools, and a hospital for the reservation. [[Chief Lawyer]] and one of his allied chiefs signed the treaty on behalf of the Nez Perce Nation, but Joseph the Elder and several other chiefs were opposed to selling their lands and did not sign.<ref>{{cite book| author=Josephy, Alvin M. Jr. |title=The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the Northwest|location= Boston|publisher= Mariner|date= 1997|pages= 428–429}}</ref><ref name="shogg">{{cite web|url=http://www.nezperce.com/npedu10.html|title=Political Elements of Nez Perce history during mid-1800s & War of 1877|last=Hoggatt|first=Stan|year=1997|publisher=Western Treasures|access-date=June 10, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323002830/http://www.nezperce.com/npedu10.html|archive-date=March 23, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="cfwilk">{{cite book|last=Wilkinson|first=Charles F.|title=Blood struggle: the rise of modern Indian nations|year=2005|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|isbn=0-393-05149-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bloodstruggleris00wilk/page/40 40–41]|url=https://archive.org/details/bloodstruggleris00wilk/page/40}}</ref><ref name=desnewbmyh>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6AhQAAAAIBAJ&pg=2169%2C1430632 |location=Salt Lake City, Utah |newspaper=Deseret News |agency=([[Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee]]) |last=Brown |first=Dee |author-link=Dee Brown (writer) |title=Befriended whites, but Nez Perces suffered |date=August 9, 1971 |page=1A }}</ref>
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==Leadership of the Nez Perce==
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