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Shortly after the death of [[Pope Alexander III|Alexander III]] (30 August 1181) Lotario returned to Rome and held various ecclesiastical offices during the short reigns of [[Pope Lucius III|Lucius III]], [[Pope Urban III|Urban III]], [[Pope Gregory VIII|Gregory VIII]], and Clement III, being ordained a [[Subdeacon]] by Gregory VIII and reaching the rank of [[Cardinal-Priest]] under Clement III in 1191.
As a cardinal, Lotario wrote ''[[De miseria humanae conditionis]]'' (On the Misery of the Human Condition).<ref>{{cite book|author=Innocentius III |title=On the misery of the human condition, De miseria humane conditions |publisher=Open Library |ol=21246851M }}</ref><ref name="Moore 1981">{{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=John C.|title=Innocent III's 'De Miseria Humanae Conditions: A Speculum Curiae?'|jstor=25021212|journal=The Catholic Historical Review |volume=67 |issue=4 |year=1981 |pages=553–564}}</ref> The work was very popular for centuries, surviving in more than 700 [[manuscript]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.textmanuscripts.com/descriptions_manuscripts/description_246.pdf|title=LOTARIO DEI CONTI DEI SEGNI [POPE INNOCENT III], De miseria humanae conditionis [On the Misery of Human Condition] In Latin, manuscript on parchment likely Italy, c. 1250|year=2006|publisher=Les Enluminures, Ltd|access-date=13 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517112552/http://www.textmanuscripts.com/descriptions_manuscripts/description_246.pdf|archive-date=17 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although he never returned to the complementary work he intended to write, ''On the Dignity of Human Nature'', [[Bartolomeo Facio]] (1400–1457) took up the task writing ''De excellentia ac praestantia hominis''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJnyxg3xxTEC&q=on+the+dignity+of+human+nature+pope+innocent+iii&pg=PA306 |title=The Cambridge history of Renaissance |via= Google Books |access-date=17 February 2010|isbn=
===Election to the papacy===
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[[File:Papal Bulla of Innocent III (FindID 235228).jpg|thumb| [[Bulla (seal)|Bulla]] of Innocent III ]]
As pope, Innocent III began with a very wide sense of his responsibility and of his authority. During Innocent III's reign, the papacy was at the height of its powers. He was considered to be the most powerful person in Europe at the time.<ref>''Civilization in the West'', Kishlansky, Geary, O'Brien, Volume A to 1500, Seventh Edition, p. 278</ref> In 1198, Innocent wrote to the prefect Acerbius and the nobles of Tuscany expressing his support of the medieval political [[theory of the sun and the moon]].<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/innIII-policies.html Medieval Sourcebook: Innocent III: Letters on Papal Polices]. Fordham.edu</ref> His papacy asserted the absolute spiritual authority of his office, while still respecting the temporal authority of kings.<ref name=Muldoon>Muldoon, James. [https://books.google.com/books?id=oXqJDAAAQBAJ&dq=Pope+Innocent+III+%2B+Involvement+in+Imperial+elections&pg=PA86 ''Empire and Order''], Springer, 1999, p. 81 {{ISBN|
There was scarcely a country in Europe over which Innocent III did not in some way or other assert the supremacy which he claimed for the papacy. He [[excommunicated]] [[Alfonso IX of Leon]], for marrying a near relative, [[Berengaria of Castile|Berengaria]], a daughter of [[Alfonso VIII]], contrary to the laws of the Church, and effected their separation in 1204. For similar reasons he [[annulled]], in 1208, the marriage of the crown-prince, [[Afonso II of Portugal]], with [[Urraca of Castile, Queen of Portugal|Urraca]], daughter of [[Alfonso VIII of Castile|Alfonso of Castile]]. From [[Pedro II of Aragon]] he received that kingdom in vassalage and crowned him king at Rome in 1204.<ref name="catholic.encyclopedia.ott.michael.1910">{{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Ott |first1=Michael |title=Pope Innocent III |encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]] |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08013a.htm |volume=8 |location=New York |publisher=Robert Appleton Company |date=1910 |access-date=6 January 2021 |via=[[New Advent]]}}</ref>
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Innocent III, however, died suddenly at [[Perugia]]<ref name="catholic.encyclopedia.ott.michael.1910"/> on 16 July 1216.{{sfn|Moore|2003|p=288}} He was buried in the [[cathedral of Perugia]], where his body remained until [[Pope Leo XIII]] had it transferred to the [[Lateran]] in December 1891.<ref name="catholic.encyclopedia.ott.michael.1910"/>
Innocent is one of two popes (the other being [[Pope Gregory IX|Gregory IX]]) among the 23 historical figures depicted in marble relief portraits above the gallery doors of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] in honor of their influence on the development of American law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aoc.gov/art/relief-portrait-plaques-lawgivers/innocent-iii |title=Innocent III |publisher=Architect of the Capitol |access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>
==Works==
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