Content deleted Content added
Billjones94 (talk | contribs) Rescuing 35 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 |
improve |
||
Line 118:
The fetus is even more susceptible to damage from carbon monoxide intake, which can be harmful when inhaled during pregnancy, usually through first- or second-hand tobacco smoke. The concentration of carbon monoxide in the infant born to a nonsmoking mother is around 2%, and this concentration drastically increases to a range of 6%–9% if the mother smoked tobacco. Other possible sources of prenatal carbon monoxide intoxication are exhaust gas from combustion motors, use of dichloromethane (paint thinner, varnish removers) in enclosed areas, defective gas water heaters, indoor barbeques, open flames in poorly ventilated areas, and atmospheric exposure in highly polluted areas.
<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Delomenie |first1=Myriam |last2=Schneider |first2=Floriane |last3=Beaudet |first3=Joëlle |last4=Gabriel |first4=René |last5=Bednarek |first5=Nathalie |last6=Graesslin |first6=Olivier |date=2015 |title=Carbon Monoxide Poisoning during Pregnancy: Presentation of a Rare Severe Case with Fetal Bladder Complications |journal=Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology |language=en |volume=2015 |page=687975 |doi=10.1155/2015/687975 |pmid=25834750 |pmc=4365372 |issn=2090-6684|doi-access=free }}</ref> Exposure to carbon monoxide at toxic levels during the first two trimesters of pregnancy can lead to intrauterine growth restriction, leading to a baby who has stunted growth and is born smaller than 90% of other babies at the same gestational age. The effect of chronic exposure to carbon monoxide can depend on the stage of pregnancy in which the mother is exposed. Exposure during the embryonic stage can have neurological consequences, such as telencephalic dysgenesis, behavioral difficulties during infancy, and reduction of cerebellum volume. Also, possible skeletal defects could result from exposure to carbon monoxide during the embryonic stage, such as hand and foot malformations, [[hip dysplasia]], hip subluxation, agenesis of a limb, and inferior maxillary atresia with [[glossoptosis]]. Also, carbon monoxide exposure between days 35 and 40 of embryonic development can lead to an increased risk of the child developing a cleft palate. Exposure to carbon monoxide or polluted ozone exposure can also lead to cardiac defects of the ventrical septal, pulmonary artery, and heart valves.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ritz|first1=B.|last2=Yu|first2=F.|last3=Fruin|first3=S.|last4=Chapa|first4=G.|last5=Shaw|first5=G.|last6=Harris|first6=J.|title=Ambient Air Pollution and Risk of Birth Defects in Southern California|journal=American Journal of Epidemiology|date=2002|volume=155|issue=1|pages=17–25|url=http://psr-la.org/files/Infant_Death_Syndrome_Ritz.pdf|access-date=7 December 2014|pmid=11772780|doi=10.1093/aje/155.1.17|doi-access=free|archive-date=30 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430124337/http://psr-la.org/files/Infant_Death_Syndrome_Ritz.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The effects of carbon monoxide exposure are decreased later in fetal development during the fetal stage, but they may still lead to [[Hypoxia (medical)|anoxic]] [[encephalopathy]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aubard|first1=Yves|last2=Magne|first2=Isabelle|title=Carbon monoxide poisoning in pregnancy|journal=British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|date=12 Aug 2005|volume=107|issue=7|pages=833–8|doi=10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11078.x|pmid=10901551|pmc=2146365}}</ref>
Industrial pollution can also lead to congenital defects.<ref>congenital defects</ref> Over a period of 37 years, the [[Chisso]] Corporation, a petrochemical and plastics company, contaminated the waters of [[Minamata Bay]] with an estimated 27 tons of [[methylmercury]], contaminating the local water supply. This led many people in the area to develop what became known as the "[[Minamata disease]]". Because methylmercury is a teratogen, the mercury poisoning of those residing by the bay resulted in neurological defects in the offspring. Infants exposed to mercury poisoning ''in utero'' showed predispositions to [[cerebral palsy]], [[ataxia]], inhibited psychomotor development, and intellectual disability.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Griesbauer|first1=Laura|title=Methylmercury Contamination in Fish and Shellfish|url=http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/mercury/review5.php|website=CSA|publisher=CSA 2007|access-date=7 December 2014|archive-date=13 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213002717/http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/mercury/review5.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| |||