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{{Campaignbox Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon}}
The '''Munich massacre''' was a terrorist attack carried out during the [[1972 Summer Olympics]] in [[Munich]], [[West Germany]], by eight members of the [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] militant organization [[Black September Organization|Black September]], who infiltrated the Olympic Village, killed two members of the [[Israel at the 1972 Summer Olympics|Israeli Olympic team]], and took nine others hostage.<ref name=Sanchez2007>{{cite book|author=Juan Sanchez|title=Terrorism & Its Effects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AK6QA_WotRYC&pg=PT144|access-date=16 December 2012|date=7 August 2007|publisher=Global Media|isbn=978-81-89940-93-5|page=144}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJJG14mHbGAC&pg=PA34 |title=The New Dimension of International Terrorism |date=11 September 2001|isbn=
Shortly after the hostages were taken, Afif demanded the release of 234 Palestinian prisoners who were being held in Israeli jails, plus the West German–imprisoned founders of the [[Red Army Faction]], [[Andreas Baader]] and [[Ulrike Meinhof]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Simon |last=Reeve |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/olympics-massacre-munich--the-real-story-524011.html|title=Olympics Massacre: Munich – The real story|newspaper=The Independent |date=22 January 2006 |access-date=3 March 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316084844/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/olympics-massacre-munich--the-real-story-524011.html|archive-date=16 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishpress.com/news/baffled-bob-costas-to-call-own-minute-of-silence-during-olympic-broadcast-for-slain-israeli-team/2012/07/22/0/?print|title='Baffled' Bob Costas to Call Own Minute of Silence During Olympic Broadcast for Slain Israeli Team|newspaper=The Jewish Press|date=22 July 2012|access-date=23 July 2012|author=Fleisher, Malkah}}</ref> West German police ambushed the terrorists, and killed five of the eight Black September members, but the rescue attempt failed and all of the hostages were killed.<ref name=":0" /> A West German policeman was also killed in the crossfire, and the West German government was criticized for the poor execution of its rescue attempt and its overall handling of the incident. The three surviving perpetrators were [[Adnan Al-Gashey]], [[Jamal Al-Gashey]], and [[Mohammed Safady]], who were arrested, only to be released the next month in the hostage exchange that followed the hijacking of [[Lufthansa Flight 615]]. By then, the Israeli government had launched an [[Mossad assassinations following the Munich massacre|assassination campaign]], which authorized [[Mossad]] to track down and kill anyone who had played a role in the attack.<ref name=Montague>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/27/sport/olympics-2012-munich-shaul-ladany-survivor|author=James Montague|title=The Munich massacre: A survivor's story |publisher=CNN|date=5 September 2012|access-date=25 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2010 |title=The Mossad's secret wars |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/2/20/the-mossads-secret-wars |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2022 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref>
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==Hostage-taking==
The attackers were reported to be Palestinian [[Terrorism|terrorists]] from refugee camps in [[Lebanon]], Syria, and [[Jordan]]. They were identified as [[Luttif Afif]] (using the [[code name|codename]] Issa), the leader (three of Issa's brothers were also reportedly members of Black September, two of them in Israeli jails), his deputy [[Yusuf Nazzal]] ("Tony"), and junior members [[Afif Ahmed Hamid]] ("Paolo"), [[Khalid Jawad]] ("Salah"), Ahmed Chic Thaa ("Abu Halla"), [[Mohammed Safady]] ("Badran"), [[Adnan Al-Gashey]] ("Denawi"), and Al-Gashey's cousin, [[Jamal Al-Gashey]] ("Samir").<ref>{{cite book|last1=Reeve|first1=Simon|title=One Day in September: The Full Story of the 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and the Israeli Revenge Operation "Wrath of God"|date=1 August 2011|publisher=Regnery Publishing|isbn=978-
According to author Simon Reeve, Afif (the son of a Jewish mother and Christian father), Nazzal and one of their confidantes had all worked in various capacities in the Olympic Village, and had spent a couple of weeks scouting for their potential target. A member of the [[Uruguay]]an Olympic delegation, which shared housing with the Israelis, claimed that he found Nazzal inside 31 Connollystraße less than 24 hours before the attack, but since he was recognized as a worker in the Village, nothing was thought of it at the time. The other members of the group entered Munich via train and plane in the days before the attack.
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Leading the intruders past Apartment 2, Weinberg lied by telling them that the residents of the apartment were not Israelis. Instead, Weinberg led them to Apartment 3, where the gunmen corralled six wrestlers and weightlifters as additional hostages. It is possible that Weinberg had hoped that the stronger men would have a better chance of fighting off the attackers than those in Apartment 2, but they were all surprised in their sleep.<ref name=Burnton/>
As the athletes from Apartment 3 were marched back to the coaches' apartment, the wounded Weinberg again attacked the gunmen, allowing one of his wrestlers, [[Gad Tsobari]], to escape via the underground parking garage.<ref name=Abrahamson>{{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/print/2002/sep/05/sports/sp-munichmain05|title=Black September|work=Los Angeles Times|date=5 September 2002|access-date=21 June 2018}}</ref> Weinberg knocked unconscious one of the intruders and slashed at another with a fruit knife but failed to draw blood before being shot to death.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cwkrv-yn57MC&q=Shaul+Ladany&pg=PT18|title=Warrior Elite: 31 Heroic Special-Ops Missions from the Raid on Son Tay to the Killing of Osama Bin Laden|author=Nigel Cawthorne |publisher=Ulysses Press|year=2011|isbn=
Weightlifter [[Yossef Romano]], a veteran of the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], also attacked and wounded one of the intruders before being shot and killed. In its publication of 1 December 2015, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that Romano was castrated after he was shot.<ref name=NYT72>{{cite news|last1=Borden|first1=Sam|title=Long-Hidden Details Reveal Cruelty of 1972 Munich Attackers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/02/sports/long-hidden-details-reveal-cruelty-of-1972-munich-attackers.html?_r=1|access-date=1 December 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 2015 }}</ref>
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The gunmen were left with nine hostages. They were, in addition to Gutfreund, shooting coach [[Kehat Shorr]], track and field coach [[Amitzur Shapira]], fencing master [[Andre Spitzer]], weightlifting judge [[Yakov Springer]], wrestlers [[Eliezer Halfin]] and [[Mark Slavin]], and weightlifters [[David Mark Berger|David Berger]] and [[Ze'ev Friedman]]. Berger was an expatriate American with dual citizenship; Slavin, the youngest of the hostages at 18, had only arrived in Israel from the Soviet Union four months before the Olympic Games began. Gutfreund, physically the largest of the hostages, was bound to a chair (Groussard describes him as being tied up like a mummy); the rest were lined up four apiece on the two beds in Springer and Shapira's room, and bound at the wrists and ankles and then to each other. Romano's bullet-riddled corpse was left at his bound comrades' feet as a warning. Several of the hostages were beaten during the stand-off, with some suffering broken bones as a result.<ref name=NYT72/>
Of the other members of Israel's team, [[racewalker]] [[Shaul Ladany]] had been jolted awake in Apartment 2 by Gutfreund's screams. He jumped from the second-story balcony of his room and fled to the American dormitory, awakening U.S. track coach [[Bill Bowerman]] and informing him of the attack.<ref name=ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/la/shaul-ladany-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418051109/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/la/shaul-ladany-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2020|title=Shaul Ladany biodata/stats|publisher=Sports-reference.com|access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0KzECrIQDQC&q=Shaul+Ladany&pg=PA161 |title=Jews and the Olympic Games: The Clash Between Sport and Politics – With a Complete Review of Jewish Olympic Medalists|author=Paul Taylor|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|year=2004|isbn=
==Negotiations==
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==Aftermath==
The bodies of the five Palestinian attackers—Afif, Nazzal, Chic Thaa, Hamid and Jawad—killed during the Fürstenfeldbruck gun battle were delivered to Libya, where they received heroes' funerals and were buried with full military honours.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sonneborn |first=Liz |title=Murder at the 1972 Olympics in Munich |url=https://archive.org/details/murderat1972olym0000sonn|url-access=registration |quote=The five Palestinian terrorists killed during the operation were also moruned in their homeland. During a funeral ceremony in Libya, more than 30,000 people turned out to honor the dead. |publisher=Rosen Publishing |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/murderat1972olym0000sonn/page/52 52] |isbn=
The three surviving Black September gunmen had been arrested after the [[Fürstenfeldbruck]] gunfight, and were being held in a Munich prison for trial. On 29 October, [[Lufthansa Flight 615]] was hijacked and threatened to be blown up if the Munich attackers were not released. Safady and the Al-Gasheys were immediately released by West Germany, receiving a tumultuous welcome when they touched down in Libya and (as seen in ''One Day in September'') giving their own firsthand account of their operation at a press conference broadcast worldwide.<ref name=Montague/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XE8fAAAAIBAJ&pg=5061,4223635&dq=lufthansa+615+olympics&hl=en|title=West Germany Cool to Capitulation Charge|newspaper=Daytona Beach Morning Journal|date=30 October 1972|access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=Chalk>{{cite book|author=Chalk, Peter|title=Encyclopedia of Terrorism|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2012|page=439|isbn=978-0-313-30895-6|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-wwPNjSnxcYC&pg=PA439}}</ref>
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{{Main|Mossad assassinations following the Munich massacre|1973 Israeli raid on Lebanon}}
On 5 September, [[Golda Meir]], [[Prime Minister of Israel]], appealed to other countries to "save our citizens and condemn the unspeakable criminal acts committed." She also stated, "<!--Our immediate reaction is negative-->if we [Israel] should give in, then no Israeli anywhere in the world shall feel that his life is safe{{nbsp}}... it's blackmail of the worst kind."<ref>{{cite book|last=O'Neil |first=Terry |title=The Game Behind the Game: High Pressure, High Stakes in Sports Television |publisher=Harper and Row |date= 1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yg-DAAAAMAAJ&q=%22blackmail%22 |page=40|isbn=
Meir and the Israeli Defense Committee secretly authorized [[Mossad]] to track down and kill those allegedly responsible for the Munich massacre.<ref name=Morris>Morris.{{Page needed|date=February 2012}}</ref> The accusation that this was motivated by a desire for vengeance was disputed by [[Zvi Zamir]], who described the mission as "putting an end to the type of terror that was perpetrated" in Europe.<ref name=Yossi>Melman.{{Page needed|date=February 2012}}</ref> To this end Mossad set up a number of special teams to locate and kill these [[fedayeen]], aided by the agency's stations in Europe.<ref>[http://film.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1695135,00.html "Munich: Mossad breaks cover"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060203032756/http://film.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1695135,00.html |date=3 February 2006 }} by Ewen MacAskill and Ian Black, ''The Guardian'', 26 January 2006.</ref>
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[[Benny Morris]] writes that a target list was created using information from "turned" [[PLO]] personnel and friendly European intelligence services. Once completed, a wave of assassinations of suspected Black September operatives began across Europe. On 9 April 1973, Israel launched [[1973 Israeli raid on Lebanon|Operation "Spring of Youth"]], a joint Mossad–IDF operation in [[Beirut]]. The targets were Mohammad Yusuf al-Najjar (Abu Yusuf), head of [[Fatah]]'s intelligence arm, which ran Black September, according to Morris; Kamal Adwan, who headed the PLO's Western Sector, which controlled PLO action inside Israel; and Kamal Nassir, the PLO spokesman. A group of [[Sayeret]] commandos were taken in nine missile boats and a small fleet of patrol boats to a deserted Lebanese beach, before driving in two cars to downtown Beirut, where they killed Najjar, Adwan and Nassir. Two further detachments of commandos blew up the PFLP's headquarters in Beirut and a Fatah explosives plant. The leader of the commando team that conducted the operations was [[Ehud Barak]].{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}
On 21 July 1973, in the [[Lillehammer affair]], a team of Mossad agents mistakenly killed [[Ahmed Bouchiki]], a Moroccan man unrelated to the Munich attack, in [[Lillehammer]], Norway,<ref name=hunt>Shalev, Noam [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/4627388.stm 'The hunt for Black September'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501234621/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/4627388.stm |date=1 May 2020 }}. BBC. Retrieved 4 March 2012.</ref> after an informant mistakenly said Bouchiki was [[Ali Hassan Salameh]], the head of [[Force 17]] and a Black September operative. Five Mossad agents, including two women, were captured by the Norwegian authorities, while others managed to slip away.<ref name=Morris/> The five were convicted of the killing and imprisoned, but were released and returned to Israel in 1975. Mossad later found [[Ali Hassan Salameh]] in Beirut and killed him on 22 January 1979 with a remote-controlled car bomb. The attack killed four passersby and injured 18 others.<ref name=time1979>{{cite magazine |title=MIDDLE EAST: Death of a Terrorist |url=http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/printout/0,8816,946209,00.html |magazine=Time |date=5 February 1979|volume=113|issue=6}}</ref> According to CIA officer Duane "Dewey" Claridge, chief of operations of the CIA Near East Division from 1975 to 1978, in mid-1976, Salameh offered Americans assistance and protection with Arafat's blessings during the American embassy pull-out from Beirut during the down-spiraling chaos of the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. There was a general feeling that Americans could be trusted. However, the scene of cooperation came to an end abruptly after the assassination of Salameh. Americans were generally blamed as Israel's principal benefactors.<ref>{{cite book |last=Posner |first=Gerald |page=13 |title=Why America slept: the failure to prevent 9/11 |year=2004 |publisher=Random House Inc. |isbn=978-0-8129-6623-
Simon Reeve writes that the Israeli operations continued for more than twenty years. He details the assassination in Paris in 1992 of [[Atef Bseiso]], the PLO's head of intelligence, and says that an Israeli general confirmed there was a link back to Munich. Reeve also writes that while Israeli officials have stated ''Operation Wrath of God'' was intended to exact vengeance for the families of the athletes killed in Munich, "few relatives wanted such a violent reckoning with the Palestinians." Reeve states the families were instead desperate to know the truth of the events surrounding the Munich massacre. Reeve outlines what he sees as a lengthy cover-up by German authorities to hide the truth.<ref name=Reeve/> After a lengthy court fight, in 2004 the families of the Munich victims reached a settlement of €3 million with the German government.
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=={{anchor|Surviving gunmen}} Surviving Black September members==
Two of the three surviving gunmen, Mohammed Safady and Adnan Al-Gashey, were allegedly killed by Mossad as part of ''Operation Wrath of God''. Al-Gashey was allegedly located after making contact with a cousin in a [[Persian Gulf|Gulf State]], and Safady was found by remaining in touch with family in Lebanon.<ref>Reeve, p. 188.</ref> This account was challenged in a book by Aaron J. Klein, who claims that Al-Gashey died of heart failure in the 1970s, and that Safady was killed by Christian [[Kataeb Party|Phalangists]] in Lebanon in the early 1980s. However, in July 2005, PLO veteran Tawfiq Tirawi told Klein that Safady, whom Tirawi claimed as a close friend, was "as alive as you are."<ref name=began/><ref>{{cite book |last=Klein |first=Aaron |title=Striking back: The 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and Israel's deadly response |publisher=Random House Trade Paperbacks |location=New York |year=2007 |isbn=
The third surviving gunman, [[Jamal Al-Gashey]], was known to be alive as of 1999, hiding in North Africa or in [[Syria]], claiming to still fear retribution from Israel. He is the only one of the surviving terrorists to consent to interviews since 1972, having granted an interview in 1992 to a Palestinian newspaper, and having briefly emerged from hiding in 1999 to participate in an interview for the film ''[[One Day in September]]'', during which he was disguised and his face shown only in blurry shadow.<ref name=OneDay>{{cite web |title=One Day in September |date=2011 |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url= https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/186705/One-Day-in-September/details |access-date=22 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110423125131/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/186705/One-Day-in-September/details |archive-date=23 April 2011 }}</ref>
===Abu Daoud===
Of those believed to have planned the massacre, only [[Abu Daoud]], the man who claimed that the attack was his idea, is known to have died of natural causes. Historical documents released to ''Der Spiegel'' by the German secret service show that [[Dortmund]] police had been aware of collaboration between Abu Daoud and neo-Nazi {{Interlanguage link multi|Willi Pohl|de}} ({{aka}} E. W. Pless and, since 1979, officially named Willi Voss) seven weeks before the attack.<ref>[http://www.thelocal.de/national/20120617-43199.html Neo-Nazi 'aided Munich Olympics massacre'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619044819/http://www.thelocal.de/national/20120617-43199.html |date=19 June 2012 }}, The Local 17 June 2012</ref> In January 1977, Abu Daoud was intercepted by French police in Paris while traveling from [[Beirut]] under an assumed name.<ref name=Frum>{{cite book |last=Frum |first=David |author-link=David Frum |title=How We Got Here: The '70s |year=2000 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-465-04195-
Abu Daoud was allowed safe passage through Israel in 1996 so he could attend a PLO meeting convened in the [[Gaza Strip]] for the purpose of rescinding an article in its charter that called for Israel's eradication.<ref name=began/> In his autobiography, ''From Jerusalem to Munich'', first published in France in 1999, and later in a written interview with ''Sports Illustrated'',<ref name=SI>{{cite magazine |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/si_online/news/2002/08/20/sb2 |title=The Mastermind |magazine=Sports Illustrated |date=26 August 2002 |access-date=7 June 2010 |author=Wolff, Alexander|archive-date=4 October 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021004095420/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/si_online/news/2002/08/20/sb2/}}</ref> Abu Daoud wrote that funds for Munich were provided by [[Mahmoud Abbas]], Chairman of the PLO since 11 November 2004 and President of the [[Palestinian National Authority]] since 15 January 2005.<ref name=ILC>{{cite web|url=http://www.israellawcenter.org/page.asp?id=340&show=photo&pn=1093&ref=report |title=Israel Law Center on Abu Mazen |publisher=Israel law center |access-date=3 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331131708/http://www.israellawcenter.org/page.asp?id=340&show=photo&pn=1093&ref=report |archive-date=31 March 2012 }}</ref>
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During the [[1972 Munich Olympic Games]], Fliegerbauer was assigned to a riot police unit.<ref name="Km"/>
Fliegerbauer was buried on 8 September after a "well attended" civic funeral attended by the Mayor of Munich [[Georg Kronawitter]] and Prime Minister of Bavaria [[Alfons Goppel]] with wreaths laid on behalf of [[West German]] Chancellor [[Willy Brandt]] and [[West German]] President [[Gustav Heinemann]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holt |first1=Richard |last2=Ruta |first2=Dino |title=Routledge Handbook of Sport and Legacy Meeting the Challenge of Major Sports Events. |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-
In a memorial service held at Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base in 2012, commemorating the 40th anniversary of the Munich massacre, Fliegerbauer was remembered alongside the eleven members of the Israeli delegation slain by the terrorists.<ref>{{cite web |last1=(www.dw.com) |first1=Deutsche Welle |title=Tribute to victims of '72 Olympics massacre {{!}} DW {{!}} 5 September 2012 |url=http://www.dw.com/en/tribute-to-victims-of-72-olympics-massacre/a-16222012 |website=DW.COM |access-date=27 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
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* Blumenau, Bernhard (Basingstoke 2014), ''The United Nations and Terrorism. Germany, Multilateralism, and Antiterrorism Efforts in the 1970s'' Palgrave Macmillan, ch. 2. {{ISBN|978-1-137-39196-4}}.
* Calahan, A. B. [https://fas.org/irp/eprint/calahan.htm "The Israeli Response to the 1972 Munich Olympic Massacre and the Development of Independent Covert Action Teams"] (1995 thesis)
* [[John K. Cooley|Cooley, John K.]] (London 1973), ''Green March Black September: The Story of the Palestinian Arabs'' {{ISBN|978-0-7146-2987-
* Dahlke, Matthias (Munich 2006), ''Der Anschlag auf Olympia '72. Die politischen Reaktionen auf den internationalen in Deutschland'' Martin Meidenbauer {{ISBN|978-3-89975-583-
* Daoud, Abu, (New York, 2002), ''Palestine : a history of the resistance movement by the sole survivor of Black September'' {{ISBN|978-1-55970-429-
* Groussard, Serge (New York, 1975), ''The Blood of Israel: the massacre of the Israeli athletes, the Olympics, 1972'' {{ISBN|978-0-688-02910-
* Jonas, George. (New York, 2005), ''Vengeance: The True Story of an Israeli Team.'', [[Simon & Schuster]]
* [[Salah Khalaf|Khalaf, Salah]] (Abu Iyad) (Tel Aviv, 1983) ''Without a Homeland: Conversations with Eric Rouleau''
* Klein, A. J. (New York, 2005), ''Striking Back: The 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and Israel's Deadly Response'', [[Random House]] {{ISBN|978-1-920769-80-
* Perrin, Warren A. (Opelousas, LA, 2023) ''The Weight of History, the Power of Apology: Remembering Lifter David Berger 50 Years after the Munich Olympics'', Andrepont Publishing.
* Large, David Clay (Lanham, MD, 2012), ''Munich 1972'', [[Rowman & Littlefield]] {{ISBN|978-0-7425-6739-9}}
* [[Benny Morris|Morris, Benny]]. (New York, 1999 and 2001), ''Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab conflict, 1881–2000'', [[Vintage Books]] edition {{ISBN|978-0-679-74475-
* [[Simon Reeve (UK television presenter)|Reeve, Simon]]. (New York, 2001), ''One Day in September: the full story of the 1972 Munich Olympic massacre and Israeli revenge operation "Wrath of God"'' {{ISBN|978-1-55970-547-
* Tinnin, David B. & Dag Christensen. (1976), ''The Hit Team'' {{ISBN|978-0-440-13644-
* [[Yossi Melman]], (17 February 2006), Interview with former Head of [[Mossad]], [[Zvi Zamir]]{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArtStEng.jhtml?itemNo=683846&contrassID=1&subContrassID=1&title=%27title%27 |title=Preventive measures |access-date=3 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001050309/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArtStEng.jhtml?itemNo=683846&contrassID=1&subContrassID=1&title=%27title%27 |archive-date=1 October 2007}}, [[Haaretz]]
* Mohammad Daoud Odeh (August 2008), interview with NOX magazine, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110714203422/http://www.nox-mag.com/article/Rings+Of+Fire/ "Rings Of Fire"]
* Kramer, Ferdinand: ''Das Attentat von München.'' In: Alois Schmid, Katharina Weigand: ''Bayern nach Jahr und Tag. 24 Tage aus der Bayerischen Geschichte.'' C. H. Beck Verlag, München 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-406-56320-1}}. p. 400–414.
* [[Wolfgang Kraushaar]]: ''"Wann endlich beginnt bei Euch der Kampf gegen die heilige Kuh Israel?" München 1970: über die antisemitischen Wurzeln des deutschen Terrorismus.'' Rowohlt, Reinbek 2013, {{ISBN|978-3-
==External links==
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