Climate variability and change: Difference between revisions

 

==== Ocean-atmosphere variability ====

The ocean and atmosphere can work together to spontaneously generate internal climate variability that can persist for years to decades at a time.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Patrick T. |last2=Li |first2=Wenhong |last3=Cordero |first3=Eugene C. |last4=Mauget |first4=Steven A. |date=21 April 2015 |title=Comparing the model-simulated global warming signal to observations using empirical estimates of unforced noise |journal=Scientific Reports |issn=2045-2322 |doi=10.1038/srep09957 |pmc=4404682 |pmid=25898351 |volume=5|page=9957 |bibcode=2015NatSR...5E9957B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hasselmann |first=K. |date=1 December 1976 |title=Stochastic climate models Part I. Theory |journal=Tellus |issn=2153-3490 |doi=10.1111/j.2153-3490.1976.tb00696.x |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=473–85 |bibcode=1976TellA..28..473H }}</ref> These variations can affect global average surface temperature by redistributing heat between the deep ocean and the atmosphere<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meehl |first1=Gerald A. |last2=Hu |first2=Aixue |last3=Arblaster |first3=Julie M. |last4=Fasullo |first4=John |last5=Trenberth |first5=Kevin E. |s2cid=16183172 |date=8 April 2013 |title=Externally Forced and Internally Generated Decadal Climate Variability Associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation |journal=Journal of Climate |issn=0894-8755 |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00548.1 |volume=26 |issue=18 |pages=7298–310 |bibcode=2013JCli...26.7298M |osti=1565088 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1234599 |access-date=5 June 2020 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311124210/https://zenodo.org/record/1234599 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=England |first1=Matthew H. |last2=McGregor |first2=Shayne |last3=Spence |first3=Paul |last4=Meehl |first4=Gerald A. |last5=Timmermann |first5=Axel |author-link5= Axel Timmermann |last6=Cai |first6=Wenju |last7=Gupta |first7=Alex Sen |last8=McPhaden |first8=Michael J. |last9=Purich |first9=Ariaan |date=1 March 2014 |title=Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus |journal=Nature Climate Change |issn=1758-678X |doi=10.1038/nclimate2106 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=222–27|bibcode=2014NatCC...4..222E }}</ref> and/or by altering the cloud/water vapor/sea ice distribution which can affect the total energy budget of the Earth.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Patrick T. |last2=Li |first2=Wenhong |last3=Li |first3=Laifang |last4=Ming |first4=Yi |date=28 July 2014 |title=Top-of-atmosphere radiative contribution to unforced decadal global temperature variability in climate models |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |issn=1944-8007 |doi=10.1002/2014GL060625 |volume=41 |issue=14 |page=2014GL060625 |bibcode=2014GeoRL..41.5175B |hdl=10161/9167 |s2cid=16933795 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Palmer |first1=M. D. |last2=McNeall |first2=D. J. |date=1 January 2014 |title=Internal variability of Earth's energy budget simulated by CMIP5 climate models |journal=Environmental Research Letters |issn=1748-9326 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/9/3/034016 |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=034016 |bibcode=2014ERL.....9c4016P |doi-access=free }}</ref>