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'''Barbiturates'''{{Efn|The most often cited standard pronunciation is {{IPAc-en|b|ɑːr|ˈ|b|ɪ|tj|ʊ|r|ᵻ|t}} {{respell|bar|BIT|yuu|rit}}; however, at least in the United States, the more commonly used colloquial pronunciation is {{IPAc-en|b|ɑːr|ˈ|b|ɪ|tj|u|ᵻ|t}} {{respell|bar|BIT|ew|it}}.<ref>Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder. 2003. [http://dialect.redlog.net/ The Harvard Dialect Survey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430083828/http://dialect.redlog.net/ |date=30 April 2016}}. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.</ref>}} are a class of [[depressant|depressant drugs]] that are chemically derived from [[barbituric acid]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1002/jps.2600600807 |title= Kinetics of hydrolysis of barbituric acid derivatives |author1=Edward R. Garrett |author2=Jacek T. Bojarski† |author3=Gerald J. Yakatan |date= 21 September 2006 |journal= Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume= 60 |issue= 8 |pages= 1145–54 |pmid= 5127086}}</ref> They are effective when used [[medication|medically]] as [[anxiolytic]]s, [[hypnotic]]s, and [[anticonvulsant]]s, but have physical and psychological [[addiction]] potential as well as [[overdose]] potential among other possible adverse effects. They have been [[recreational drug use|used recreationally]] for their anti-anxiety and sedative effects, and are thus [[prohibition of drugs|controlled]] in most countries due to the risks associated with such use.
Barbiturates have largely been replaced by [[benzodiazepine]]s and [[nonbenzodiazepines]] ("Z-drugs") in routine medical practice, particularly in the treatment of [[anxiety disorder]]s and [[insomnia]], because of the significantly lower risk of overdose, and the lack of an [[antidote]] for [[barbiturate overdose]]. Despite this, barbiturates are still in use for various purposes:
==Uses==
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* clonazepam
==
Caution is needed in people using:<ref name=rxlist/>
*
* alcohol
* asthma
* kidney- or liver
* heart
* substance use disorder
* depression
* history of suicidal thoughts
==
[[Barbituric acid]] was first synthesized 27 November 1864, by [[Germany|German]] chemist [[Adolf von Baeyer]]. This was done by [[condensation (chemistry)|condensing]] [[urea]] with [[diethyl malonate]]. There are several stories about how the substance got its name. The most likely story is that Baeyer and his colleagues went to celebrate their discovery in a [[tavern]] where the town's [[artillery]] [[garrison]] were also celebrating the feast of [[Saint Barbara]] – the patron saint of artillerymen. An artillery officer is said to have christened the new substance by amalgamating ''Barbara'' with ''urea''. Another story was barbiturate was invented on the feast day of St. Barbara.<ref name="rzepa">{{cite web |url= http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/rzepa/mim/drugs/html/barbiturate_text.htm |title= Barbiturates |access-date= 31 October 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071107090620/http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/rzepa/mim/drugs/html/barbiturate_text.htm |archive-date= 7 November 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> Another story holds that Baeyer synthesized the substance from the collected urine of a Munich waitress named Barbara.<ref>Medical Curiosities. Youngson, Robert M. London: Robinson Publishing, 1997. Page 276.</ref> No substance of medical value was discovered, however, until 1903 when two German scientists working at [[Bayer]], [[Franz Joseph Emil Fischer|Emil Fischer]] and [[Joseph von Mering]], discovered that [[barbital]] was very effective in putting dogs to sleep. Barbital was then marketed by Bayer under the [[trade name]] [[Veronal]]. It is said that Mering proposed this name because the most peaceful place he knew was the [[Italy|Italian]] city of [[Verona]].<ref name="rzepa"/>
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