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The term "new religions" is a [[calque]] of {{nihongo||新宗教|shinshūkyō}}, a Japanese term developed to describe the proliferation of [[Japanese new religions]] in the years following the [[Second World War]].{{sfnm|1a1=Lewis|1y=2004|1p=3|2a1=Melton|2y=2004b|2p=19}} From Japan this term was translated and used by several American authors, including [[Jacob Needleman]], to describe the range of groups that appeared in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]] during the 1960s.{{sfn|Melton|2004b|p=19}} This term, amongst others, was adopted by Western scholars as an alternative to "cult".<ref name="Gallagher, Eugene V 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Gallagher |first1=Eugene V. |title=Compared to What? 'Cults' and 'New Religious Movements' |journal=History of Religions |date=2007 |volume=47 |issue=2–3 |pages=205–220 |doi=10.1086/524210|s2cid=161448414 }}</ref> However, "new religious movements" has failed to gain widespread public usage in the manner that "cult" has.{{sfn|Oliver|2012|p=6}} Other terms that have been employed for many NRMs are "alternative religion" and "alternative spirituality", something used to convey the difference between these groups and established or mainstream religious movements while at the same time evading the problem posed by groups that are not particularly new.{{sfnm|1a1=Barrett|1y=2001|1p=24|2a1=Oliver|2y=2012|2p=13}}
The 1970s was the era of the so-called "cult wars", led by "cult-watching groups".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barker |first1=Eileen |title=Stepping out of the Ivory Tower: A Sociological Engagement in 'The Cult Wars' |journal=Methodological Innovations Online |date=2011 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=18–39 |doi=10.4256/mio.2010.0026|s2cid=145184989 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The efforts of the anti-cult movement condensed a [[moral panic]] around the concept of cults. Public fears around [[Satanism]], in particular, came to be known as a distinct phenomenon, the "[[Satanic ritual abuse|Satanic Panic]]".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Petersen|first1= Jesper Aagaard|date= 2004|chapter=Modern Satanism: Dark Doctrines and Black Flames|title=Controversial New Religions|editor-first1= James R. |editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first2= Jesper Aagaard |editor-last2= Petersen|location= New York|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 9780195156829 |doi=10.1093/019515682X.003.0019}}</ref> Consequently, scholars such as [[Eileen Barker]], [[James T. Richardson]], [[Timothy Miller]] and [[Catherine Wessinger]] argued that the term "cult" had become too laden with negative connotations, and "advocated dropping its use in academia". A number of alternatives to the term "new religious movement" are used by some scholars. These include "alternative religious movements" (Miller), "emergent religions" (Ellwood) and "marginal religious movements" (Harper and Le Beau).<ref name="ReferenceA" />
=== Opposition ===
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