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* ''Narrative point of view, perspective,'' or ''voice'': the choice of [[grammatical person]] used by the narrator to establish whether or not the narrator and the audience are participants in the story; also, this includes the scope of the information or knowledge that the narrator presents
* ''Narrative tense'': the choice of either the past or present [[grammatical tense]] to establish either the prior completion or current immediacy of the plot
* ''[[Narrative technique]]'': any of the various other methods chosen to help narrate a story, such as establishing the story's [[Setting (narrative)|setting]] (location in time and space), [[characterization|developing characters]], exploring [[Theme (narrative)|themes]] (main ideas or topics), [[Narrative structure|structuring the plot]], intentionally expressing certain details but not others, following or subverting [[Literary genre|genre]] norms, employing certain linguistic styles, and using various other
Thus, narration includes both ''who'' tells the story and ''how'' the story is told (for example, by using [[stream of consciousness (narrative mode)|stream of consciousness]] or [[unreliable narrator|unreliable narration]]). The narrator may be anonymous and unspecified, or a [[Character (arts)|character]] appearing and participating within their own story (whether fictitious or factual), or the author themself as a character. The narrator may merely relate the story to the audience without being involved in the plot and may have varied awareness of characters' thoughts and distant events. Some stories have [[multiperspectivity|multiple narrators]] to illustrate the storylines of various characters at various times, creating a story with a complex perspective.
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