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[[File:Death rates for cancer and heart disease in Men.png|thumb|Death rates for cancer and heart disease among men aged 45–64, by race and ethnicity: United States, 1999–2017<ref name=":8">{{Citation|last=Anderson|first=Robert N.|chapter=National Vital Statistics Reports|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Human Development|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|isbn=9781412904759|doi=10.4135/9781412952484.n432|year=2005}}</ref>|266x266px]]
[[File:Death rates for cancer and heart disease in women.png|thumb|Death rates for cancer and heart disease among women aged 45–64, by race and ethnicity: United States, 1999–2017<ref name=":8" />|267x267px]]
The '''Hispanic paradox''' is an [[Epidemiology|epidemiological]] finding that [[Hispanic Americans]] tend to have health outcomes that "[[paradox]]ically" are comparable to, or in some cases better than, those of their U.S. [[Non-Hispanic whites|non-Hispanic White]] counterparts, even though Hispanics have lower average income and education
Low [[Socioeconomic status|socioeconomic]] status is almost universally associated with worse population health and higher death rates everywhere in the world.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |vauthors=Franzini L, Ribble JC, Keddie AM |title=Understanding the Hispanic paradox |journal=Ethn Dis |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=496–518 |year=2001 |pmid=11572416}}</ref> The paradox usually refers in particular to low mortality among Hispanics in the [[United States]] relative to non-Hispanic Whites.<ref name="Abraido-Lanza, A. 1999">{{cite journal |doi=10.2105/AJPH.89.10.1543 |title=The Latino mortality paradox: A test of the "salmon bias" and healthy migrant hypotheses |year=1999 |last1=Abraído-Lanza |first1=Ana F |last2=Dohrenwend |first2=Bruce P |last3=Ng-Mak |first3=Daisy S |last4=Turner |first4=J Blake |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=1543–8 |pmid=10511837 |pmc=1508801}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Gallo|first1=Linda C.|last2=Penedo|first2=Frank J.|last3=Espinosa de los Monteros|first3=Karla|last4=Arguelles|first4=William|date=December 2009|title=Resiliency in the Face of Disadvantage: Do Hispanic Cultural Characteristics Protect Health Outcomes?|journal=Journal of Personality|volume=77|issue=6|pages=1707–1746|doi=10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00598.x|pmid=19796063|s2cid=21729536 |issn=0022-3506}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Abraído-Lanza|first1=Ana F.|last2=Chao|first2=Maria T.|last3=Flórez|first3=Karen R.|date=September 2005|title=Do healthy behaviors decline with greater acculturation?: Implications for the Latino mortality paradox|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=61|issue=6|pages=1243–1255|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.01.016|pmid=15970234|pmc=3587355|issn=0277-9536}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Abraído-Lanza|first1=A F|last2=Dohrenwend|first2=B P|last3=Ng-Mak|first3=D S|last4=Turner|first4=J B|date=October 1999|title=The Latino mortality paradox: a test of the "salmon bias" and healthy migrant hypotheses.|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=89|issue=10|pages=1543–1548|doi=10.2105/ajph.89.10.1543|pmid=10511837|pmc=1508801|issn=0090-0036}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Cagney|first1=Kathleen A.|last2=Browning|first2=Christopher R.|last3=Wallace|first3=Danielle M.|date=May 2007|title=The Latino Paradox in Neighborhood Context: The Case of Asthma and Other Respiratory Conditions|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=97|issue=5|pages=919–925|doi=10.2105/ajph.2005.071472|pmid=17395846|pmc=1854858|issn=0090-0036}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Ruiz|first1=John M.|last2=Campos|first2=Belinda|last3=Garcia|first3=James J.|date=May 2016|title=Special issue on Latino physical health: Disparities, paradoxes, and future directions.|journal=Journal of Latina/o Psychology|volume=4|issue=2|pages=61–66|doi=10.1037/lat0000065|issn=2163-0070}}</ref> According to the Center for Disease Control's 2015 ''Vital Signs'' report, Hispanics in the United States had a 24% lower risk of mortality, as well as lower risk for nine of the fifteen leading causes of death as compared to Whites.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=The Lancet|date=May 2015|title=The Hispanic paradox|journal=The Lancet|volume=385|issue=9981|pages=1918|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60945-x|pmid=26090624|issn=0140-6736|doi-access=free}}</ref> There are multiple hypotheses which aim to determine the reason for the existence of this paradox. Some attribute the Hispanic paradox to biases created by patterns or selection in migration.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> One such hypothesis is the Salmon Bias, which suggests that Hispanics tend to return home towards the end of their lives, ultimately rendering an individual "statistically immortal" and thus artificially lowering mortality for Hispanics in the United States.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Another hypothesis in this group is that of the Healthy Migrant, which attributes the better health of Hispanics to the assumption that the healthiest and strongest members of a population are most likely to migrate.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />
Other hypotheses around the Hispanic paradox maintain that the phenomenon is real, and is caused by sociocultural factors which characterize the Hispanic population. Many of these factors can be described under the more broad categories of cultural values, interpersonal context, and community context.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Abraído-Lanza|first1=Ana F.|last2=Echeverría|first2=Sandra E.|last3=Flórez|first3=Karen R.|date=2016-03-18|title=Latino Immigrants, Acculturation, and Health: Promising New Directions in Research|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=37|issue=1|pages=219–236|doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021545|pmid=26735431|pmc=5337110|issn=0163-7525}}</ref> Some health researchers attribute the Hispanic paradox to different eating habits, especially the relatively high intake of [[legumes]] such as beans and lentils.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid = 25445942|year = 2014|last1 = Young|first1 = R. P.|last2 = Hopkins|first2 = R. J.|title = A review of the Hispanic paradox: Time to spill the beans?|journal = European Respiratory Review |volume = 23|issue = 134|pages = 439–449|doi = 10.1183/09059180.00000814| pmc=9487402 |s2cid = 6843365|doi-access = free}}</ref>
Since the [[2010s]], research has indicated that the Hispanic paradox is disappearing, as Latino mortality increases relative to white Americans, and cardiovascular risk factors are increasing in the Hispanic population.<ref name="www.heart.org 2023 d750" /><ref name="Nicole 2023" /> In 2023, a study found that the mortality advantage of Hispanics had been largely erased by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], during which Hispanic death rates disproportionately increased.<ref name="Nexus2023" />
==History==
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===Comparison to non-Hispanic white Americans===
Although Hispanic Americans are twice more likely to be living under the poverty line and three times more likely to not have health insurance than non-Hispanic white Americans, they have a longer life span than them by 3 years. More Hispanics, than any other racial group, are uninsured and are in general less likely to use medical care. The median life span of Hispanic Americans is an average of 81.8 years and non-Hispanic white Americans have an average of 78.8 years.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/11/the-hispanic-paradox-scientists-finally-find-out-why-latinos-age-more-slowly/|title=The Hispanic paradox: scientists finally find out why Latinos age more slowly|website=World Economic Forum|date=24 November 2016 }}</ref> This could be explained from scientist taking DNA samples from multiple ethnic groups, the blood from Latino aged more slowly than any other group.<ref name="auto"/>
It is also found that Hispanics, when first migrating to the US, have lower smoking rates, better diet and general health. Hispanic infant mortality is also less than NHWs with an average of 5.8 per 1000 births and 9.1 per 1000 births for non-Hispanic whites.
In 2012, new cancer cases of all sites among Hispanic men and Non-Hispanic men had a ratio of 0.7, Hispanic men having 362.2 and Non-Hispanic men having 489.9.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.aspx?lvl=4&lvlid=61|title=Cancer – The Office of Minority Health|website=minorityhealth.hhs.gov}}</ref> In comparison to non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanic men are 10 percent less likely to be diagnosed with [[prostate cancer]]. Hispanic women, compared to NHW, were found to be 30 percent less likely to be diagnosed with [[breast cancer]].
==21st century waning of the paradox==
Since the 21st century, a number of studies have published results which contradict the Hispanic paradox, suggesting that the health status of Hispanic Americans is declining. These findings include a higher incidence of [[cardiovascular disease]] among Hispanics,<ref name="www.heart.org 2023 d750" /> higher rates or obesity,<ref name="www.heart.org 2023 d750" /> increasing deaths from stroke even as white deaths remain stable,<ref name="www.heart.org 2023 d750" /> and a larger increase in deaths from heart failure.<ref name="www.heart.org 2023 d750">{{cite web | title=The 'Hispanic paradox': Does a decades-old finding still hold up? | website=www.heart.org | date=2023-05-10 | url=https://www.heart.org/en/news/2023/05/10/the-hispanic-paradox-does-a-decades-old-finding-still-hold-up | access-date=2023-08-31}}</ref> Other researchers have predicted that the paradox will disappear as obesity rates rise rapidly among Hispanic males, in particular.<ref name="Nicole 2023">{{cite journal | last=Nicole | first=Wendee | title=Paradox Lost? The Waning Health Advantage among the U.S. Hispanic Population | journal=Environmental Health Perspectives | publisher=Environmental Health Perspectives | volume=131 | issue=1 | year=2023 | issn=0091-6765 | doi=10.1289/ehp11618 | page=}}</ref> A 2023 study published found that the Hispanic mortality advantage had been erased by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Hispanic death rates increased at a much higher rate than [[White Americans]] death rates, during this period.<ref name="Nexus2023">{{cite web | website=academic.oup.com | url=https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/2/6/pgad173/7185600 | access-date=2023-08-31 |quote="The increase in Hispanic Americans' death rates during the pandemic largely erased their previous survival advantage relative to non-Hispanic White Americans and pushed their mortality rates above the average of other wealthy countries at all but the oldest ages."}}</ref>
==Criticism==
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