Libertarianism: Difference between revisions

[[Left-libertarianism]]<ref name="Goodway">Goodway, David (2006). ''[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward]]''. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Fgya85u7S-4C&dq=anarcho-capitalism+right+libertarian&pg=PA4 p. 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308005207/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fgya85u7S-4C&pg=PA4&dq=anarcho-capitalism+right+libertarian&sa=X&ct=result&resnum=10#v=onepage&q=anarcho-capitalism%20right%20libertarian |date=8 March 2021 }}. {{ISBN|978-1846310256}}. "'Libertarian' and 'libertarianism' are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for 'anarchist' and 'anarchism', largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of 'anarchy' and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, 'minimal statism' and an extreme right-wing ''laissez-faire'' philosophy advocated by such theorists as Murray Rothbard and Robert Nozick and their adoption of the words 'libertarian' and 'libertarianism'. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism and the left libertarianism of the anarchist tradition".</ref><ref name="Marshall p. 641">Marshall, Peter (2008). ''[[Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism]]''. London: Harper Perennial. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QDWIOL_KtGYC&q=Left+libertarianism p. 641] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307210848/https://books.google.it/books?id=QDWIOL_KtGYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Demanding+the+Impossible:+A+History+of+Anarchism&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiIt4Gi0eLlAhXP_qQKHRvYD10Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Left%20libertarianism&f=false |date=7 March 2021 }}. "Left libertarianism can therefore range from the decentralist who wishes to limit and devolve State power, to the syndicalist who wants to abolish it altogether. It can even encompass the Fabians and the social democrats who wish to socialize the economy but who still see a limited role for the State".</ref><ref name="Newman">Newman, Saul (2010). ''The Politics of Postanarchism'', Edinburgh University Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SiqBiViUsOkC&dq=anarcho-capitalism+right+libertarian&pg=PA43 p. 43] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930075316/https://books.google.com/books?id=SiqBiViUsOkC&pg=PA43&dq=anarcho-capitalism+right+libertarian&sa=X&ct=result&resnum=3#v=onepage&q=anarcho-capitalism%20right%20libertarian |date=30 September 2020 }}. {{ISBN|978-0748634958}}. "It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism). There is a complex debate within this tradition between those like Robert Nozick, who advocate a 'minimal state', and those like Rothbard who want to do away with the state altogether and allow all transactions to be governed by the market alone. From an anarchist perspective, however, both positions—the minimal state (minarchist) and the no-state ('anarchist') positions—neglect the problem of economic domination; in other words, they neglect the hierarchies, oppressions, and forms of exploitation that would inevitably arise in a ''laissez-faire'' 'free' market. [...] Anarchism, therefore, has no truck with this right-wing libertarianism, not only because it neglects economic inequality and domination, but also because in practice (and theory) it is highly inconsistent and contradictory. The individual freedom invoked by right-wing libertarians is only a narrow economic freedom within the constraints of a capitalist market, which, as anarchists show, is no freedom at all".</ref> encompasses those libertarian beliefs that claim the Earth's natural resources belong to everyone in an egalitarian manner, either unowned or owned collectively.<ref name="Kymlicka">[[Will Kymlicka|Kymlicka, Will]] (2005). "libertarianism, left-". In [[Ted Honderich|Honderich, Ted]]. ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy''. New York City: [[Oxford University Press]]. p. 516. {{ISBN|978-0199264797}}. "'Left-libertarianism' is a new term for an old conception of justice, dating back to Grotius. It combines the libertarian assumption that each person possesses a natural right of self-ownership over his person with the egalitarian premiss that natural resources should be shared equally. Right-wing libertarians argue that the right of self-ownership entails the right to appropriate unequal parts of the external world, such as unequal amounts of land. According to left-libertarians, however, the world's natural resources were initially unowned, or belonged equally to all, and it is illegitimate for anyone to claim exclusive private ownership of these resources to the detriment of others. Such private appropriation is legitimate only if everyone can appropriate an equal amount, or if those who appropriate more are taxed to compensate those who are thereby excluded from what was once common property. Historic proponents of this view include Thomas Paine, Herbert Spencer, and Henry George. Recent exponents include Philippe Van Parijs and Hillel Steiner."</ref><ref name="Spitz">{{cite journal|url=https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_RAI_023_0023--left-wing-libertarianism-equality-based.htm|title=Left-wing libertarianism: equality based on self-ownership|last=Spitz|first=Jean-Fabien|journal=Raisons Politiques|date=March 2006|volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=23–46 |doi=10.3917/rai.023.0023 |access-date=11 March 2018|archive-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323204656/https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_RAI_023_0023--left-wing-libertarianism-equality-based.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Routledge p. 227"/><ref name="Vallentyne"/><ref name="Carlson"/> Contemporary left-libertarians such as [[Hillel Steiner]], [[Peter Vallentyne]], [[Philippe Van Parijs]], [[Michael Otsuka]], [[Vaush|Ian Kochinski]] and [[David Ellerman]] believe the appropriation of land must leave "[[Lockean proviso|enough and as good]]" for others or be taxed by society to compensate for the exclusionary effects of private property.<ref name="Kymlicka"/><ref name="Vallentyne">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Libertarianism|encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]|publisher=[[Stanford University]]|location=Stanford, California|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2009/entries/libertarianism/|access-date=5 March 2010|last=Vallentyne|first=Peter|date=March 2009|edition=Spring 2009|quote=Libertarianism is committed to full self-ownership. A distinction can be made, however, between right-libertarianism and left-libertarianism, depending on the stance taken on how natural resources can be owned.|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|archive-date=6 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706070638/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2009/entries/libertarianism/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Socialist libertarian]]s<ref name="Kropotkin"/><ref name="Otero"/><ref name="Chomsky 2003"/><ref name="Carlson p. 1006"/> such as [[Social anarchism|social]] and [[individualist anarchist]]s, [[libertarian Marxist]]s, [[council communist]]s, [[Luxemburgist]]s and [[De Leonist]]s promote [[usufruct]] and [[socialist]] economic theories, including [[communism]], [[Collectivist anarchism|collectivism]], [[syndicalism]] and [[Mutualism (economic theory)|mutualism]].<ref name="Routledge p. 227"/><ref name="Carson"/> They criticize the state for being the defender of private property and believe capitalism entails [[wage slavery]] and another form of coercion and domination related to that of the state.<ref name="Kropotkin"/><ref name="Otero"/><ref name="Chomsky 2003"/>