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== Allegations of war crimes ==
=== Syrian government and allies ===
{{Further|Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign|label1=Russian hospital bombing campaigns in Syria}}{{Quote box|width=20%|align=right|quote=The violations and abuses suffered by people across the country, including the siege and bombardment of eastern Aleppo, are not simply tragedies; they also constitute crimes of historic proportions.|source=[[UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]], [[Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/HRCTacklesAleppoCrisis.aspx|title=Zeid tells Council siege and bombardment of Aleppo "constitute crimes of historic proportions"|date=21 October 2016|author=Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein|access-date=14 December 2016|publisher=[[OHCHR]]}}</ref>}}
Aleppo suffered catastrophic damage during the four-year siege and battle. According to an [[Amnesty International]] report, government forces have been responsible for the majority of violations in the conflict in Syria.<ref name="TORTURE WAS MY PUNISHMENT"/> Ravina Shamdasani, a spokesperson for the Office of the [[UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]], issued a statement in November 2016 which said that "strikes against [[hospital]]s, [[school]]s, [[marketplace]]s, water facilities and [[bakeries]] are now commonplace, and may amount to [[war crimes]]". During that phase of the offensive, about 250,000 civilians were left in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=55447#.WFFHk9LNzIU|title=UN rights office concerned at continuing hostilities in both western and eastern Aleppo |date=1 November 2016|access-date=14 December 2016|publisher=UN News Center}}</ref> In November 2016, [[UNICEF]] estimated that nearly 100,000 children were living under siege in Aleppo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=55657#.WFFNAdLNzIU|title=With 500,000 children living under siege in Syria, UNICEF calls for humanitarian access |date=28 November 2016|access-date=14 December 2016|publisher=UN News Center}}</ref> The 2016 offensive cut off the city from food supplies, and last time eastern Aleppo was reached with significant [[Humanitarian aid|humanitarian supplies]] before the Syrian re-capture was the beginning of July in 2016.<ref name="UN News Center Winter">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=55526#.WFFJStLNzIU|title=Syria: UN envoy urges action to avert mass hunger in eastern Aleppo ahead of 'killer' winter |date=10 November 2016|access-date=14 December 2016|publisher=UN News Center}}</ref> The Syrian government, aided by Russian army, used war planes to [[Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign|systematically bombard hospitals]] in the rebel-held areas of the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=55580#.WFFLqNLNzIU|title=UN health agency denounces attacks on health facilities in Syria |date=17 November 2016|access-date=14 December 2016|publisher=UN News Center}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/syria-war-aleppo-hospital-bombed-time-161001135413643.html|title=Syria war: Aleppo hospital bombed for second time |date=1 October 2016|access-date=14 December 2016|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> By the end of November 2016, no functional hospitals were left, and over 20,000 people were displaced by the fighting.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=55665#.WFFNs9LNzIU|title=Syria: Amid 'chilling' situation in Aleppo, 16,000 flee intense fighting, UN aid chief warns |date=29 November 2016|access-date=14 December 2016|publisher=UN News Center}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] issued a statement reporting that the Syrian and Russian military campaign killed more than 440 civilians, including more than 90 children, between September and October 2016. It also deplored that airstrikes often appeared to be "recklessly indiscriminate".<ref name="War Crimes in Month of Bombing Aleppo">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/12/01/russia/syria-war-crimes-month-bombing-aleppo|title=Russia/Syria: War Crimes in Month of Bombing Aleppo |date=1 December 2016|access-date=14 December 2016|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref>
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* The [[Anadolu Agency]] of Turkey wrote that the bombs launched by the government forces in July killed 15 people.<ref>{{cite web|title=Barrel-bomb attacks kill 15 in Aleppo|url=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/barrel-bomb-attacks-kill-15-in-aleppo/30505|publisher=Anadolu Agency|access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
* According to the ''Violations Documentation Center'', barrel bomb attacks peaked between April and July 2014, with an average of 107 attacks per month, and decreased to an average of around 17 per month from September 2014 to March 2015.<ref name="Death Everywhere"/>
{{quote box|Syrian and Russian forces have been deliberately attacking health facilities... But what is truly egregious is that wiping out hospitals appears to have become part of their military strategy.. a strategy that has destroyed scores of medical facilities and killed hundreds of doctors and nurses since the start of the conflict... Hospitals in [[Syrian opposition|opposition]]-controlled areas around Aleppo became a primary target for the Russian and Syrian government forces. This eliminated a vital lifeline for the civilians living in those embattled areas, leaving them no choice but to flee.
| source = — [[Tirana Hassan]], then-director of [[Amnesty International]]’s crisis response program<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2016 |title=Syrian and Russian forces targeting hospitals as a strategy of war |work=Amnesty International |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2016/03/syrian-and-russian-forces-targeting-hospitals-as-a-strategy-of-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921133411/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2016/03/syrian-and-russian-forces-targeting-hospitals-as-a-strategy-of-war/ |archive-date=21 September 2021}}</ref>
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The government denied using barrel bombs.<ref>{{cite web|title='Barrel-bomb attack' targets mosque in Syria's Aleppo|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/barrel-bomb-attacks-syria-aleppo-reported-150622175005995.html |publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> In an interview to BBC,
Amnesty International issued a detailed report about Aleppo in 2015. It warned about the Syrian government use of imprecise explosive weapons on densely populated civilian areas, illustrating it with the example that eight barrel bomb attacks between January 2014 to March 2015 killed at least 188 civilians—while only one rebel was recorded among the fatalities.<ref name="Death Everywhere">{{cite web| title="Death Everywhere": War Crimes and Human Rights Abuses in Aleppo| url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/embargoed_5_may_aleppo_report_death_everywhere.pdf| pages=7, 15| date=May 2015| publisher=Amnesty International| access-date=20 December 2016| archive-date=14 February 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214034021/http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/embargoed_5_may_aleppo_report_death_everywhere.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref> It concluded that the government forces in Aleppo deliberately targeted civilians and civilian objects, implemented "[[forced disappearance]]s", used [[torture]] and other ill-treatment among the prisoners—and that this constitutes a [[crime against humanity]].<ref name="Death Everywhere"/>
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