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=== Philosophy ===
According to the ''[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'' (IEP), "What it means to be a 'libertarian' in a political sense is a contentious issue, especially among libertarians themselves."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zwolinski |first=Matt |title=Libertarianism {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/libertar/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Nevertheless, all libertarians begin with a conception of [[Autonomy|personal autonomy]] from which they argue in favor of civil liberties and a reduction or elimination of the state.<ref name="Boaz"/> People described as being left-libertarian or right-libertarian generally tend to call themselves simply libertarians and refer to their philosophy as libertarianism. As a result, some political scientists and writers classify the forms of libertarianism into two or more groups<ref name="Long1"/><ref name="Carlson1"/> to distinguish libertarian views on the nature of [[Right to property|property]] and [[Capital (economics)|capital]].<ref name="Francis"/><ref name="Carlson p. 1006"/> In the United States, proponents of [[free-market]] anti-capitalism consciously label themselves as left-libertarians and see themselves as being part of a broad libertarian left.<ref name="Carson"/><ref name="routledge-anarchism">"Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. (2012). ''The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy''. p. 227.</ref>
Libertarianism is a "[t]heory upholding...[individual] rights...above all else" and seeks to "reduce" the power of a state or states, especially ones a libertarian lives in or is closely associated with, to "safeguard" and maintain individualism.<ref name=":212">{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jeremy |title=World History |last2=Brewer |first2=Paul |last3=Shaw |first3=Anthony |last4=Chandler |first4=Malcolm |last5=Cheshire |first5=Gerard |last6=Cranfield |first6=Ingrid |last7=Ralph Lewis |first7=Brenda |last8=Sutherland |first8=Joe |last9=Vint |first9=Robert |publisher=Parragon Books |year=2003 |isbn=0-75258-227-5 |location=[[Bath, Somerset]] |pages=342 |author-link=Jeremy Black (historian)}}</ref>
Libertarians argue that some forms of order within society [[Spontaneous order|emerge spontaneously]] from the actions of many different individuals acting independently from one another without any [[central planning]].<ref name="Boaz" /> Proposed examples of systems which evolved through spontaneous order or self-organization include the [[Evolutionary history of life|evolution of life on Earth]], [[language]], [[crystal structure]], the [[Internet]], [[Wikipedia]], [[Workers' council|workers' councils]], [[Horizontalidad]], and a [[free market]] [[economy]].<ref name="Barry1982">{{cite journal |last=Barry |first=Norman |author-link=Norman P. Barry |year=1982 |title=The Tradition of Spontaneous Order |journal=Literature of Liberty |volume=5 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=April 15, 2009 |title=Wikipedia's Model Follows Hayek |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123976347774119699 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref>
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