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{{Electoral systems}}
'''Plurality voting''' refers to [[electoral system]]s in which a candidate who polls more than any other (that is, receives a [[plurality (voting)|plurality]]) is not elected. In systems based on [[single-member district]]s, it elects just one member per district and may also be referred to as [[first-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]] ('''FPTP'''), '''single-member plurality''' ('''SMP/SMDP'''),<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Plurality-Majority Systems |url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/polit/damy/BeginnningReading/plurality.htm |access-date=8 May 2010 |publisher=Mtholyoke.edu}}</ref> '''single-choice voting'''{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} (an imprecise term as non-plurality voting systems may also use a single choice), '''simple plurality''' {{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} or '''relative majority''' (as opposed to an ''absolute majorit''y, where more than half of votes is needed, this is called ''majority voting''). A system that elects multiple winners elected at once with the plurality rule, such as casting of multiple X votes in a multi-seat district, is referred to as [[plurality block voting]].
Plurality voting is distinguished from ''majority voting'', in which a winning candidate must receive an [[Majority|absolute majority]] of votes: more than half of all votes (more than all other candidates combined if each voter has one vote). Under plurality voting, the leading candidate, whether or not they have a majority of votes, is elected.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Cooper |first1=Duane |last2=Zillante |first2=Arthur |date=January 2012 |title=A comparison of cumulative voting and generalized plurality voting |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11127-010-9707-5 |journal=Public Choice |language=en |volume=150 |issue=1–2 |pages=363–383 |doi=10.1007/s11127-010-9707-5 |issn=0048-5829 |s2cid=154416463}}</ref> Not every [[Majoritarian representation|winner-takes-all]] system (called ''majoritarian representation'' in the study of electoral systems, a term separate from ''majority voting'') is plurality voting; for example, [[instant-runoff voting]] is a non-plurality winner-takes-all system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instant Run-Off Voting |url=http://archive.fairvote.org/factshts/irv.htm |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=archive.fairvote.org}}</ref> Also, not every plurality voting method is ''majoritarian'', for example [[limited voting]] or the [[single non-transferable vote]] use plurality rules, but are considered [[Semi-proportional representation|semi-proportional]] systems.
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