Closed-circuit television: Difference between revisions

Closed-circuit television was used as a form of [[pay-per-view]] [[theatre television]] for sports such as [[professional boxing]] and [[professional wrestling]], and from 1964 through 1970, the [[Indianapolis 500]] automobile race. Boxing telecasts were broadcast live to a select number of venues, mostly theaters, where viewers paid for tickets to watch the fight live.<ref name="Ezra">{{cite book|last=Ezra|first=Michael|title=The Economic Civil Rights Movement: African Americans and the Struggle for Economic Power|date=2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781136274756|page=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DL41bsCigZcC&pg=PA105|language=en}}</ref><ref name="bloodyelbow">{{cite news|title=History of Prizefighting's Biggest Money Fights|url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2017/8/24/16170894/history-of-prizefightings-biggest-money-fights-boxing-mma-ufc|work=[[Bloody Elbow]]|agency=[[SB Nation]]|date=24 August 2017}}</ref> The first fight with a closed-circuit telecast was [[Joe Louis]] vs. [[Jersey Joe Walcott|Joe Walcott]] in 1948.<ref>{{cite book|title=Television|date=1965|publisher=Frederick A. Kugel Company|page=78|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=it0aAQAAMAAJ&q=Louis+Walcott|language=en|quote=Teleprompter's main-spring, Irving B. Kahn (he's chairman of the board and president), had a taste of closed circuit operations as early as 1948. That summer, Kahn, then a vice president of 20th Century-Fox, negotiated what was probably the first inter-city closed circuit telecast in history, a pickup of the Joe Louis-Joe Walcott fight.}}</ref> Closed-circuit telecasts peaked in popularity with [[Muhammad Ali]] in the 1960s and 1970s,<ref name="Ezra"/><ref name="bloodyelbow"/> with "[[The Rumble in the Jungle]]" fight drawing 50{{nbsp}}million CCTV viewers worldwide in 1974,<ref>{{cite news|title=Zaire's fight promotion opens new gold mines|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/28336306/|work=[[The Morning Herald]]|date=18 November 1974|language=en}}</ref> and the "[[Thrilla in Manila]]" drawing 100{{nbsp}}million CCTV viewers worldwide in 1975.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Karriem Allah|journal=[[Black Belt (magazine)|Black Belt]]|date=1976|page=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Active Interest Media, Inc.|language=en}}</ref> In 1985, the [[WrestleMania I]] professional wrestling show was seen by over one million viewers with this scheme.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wrestlemania In Photographs: 1-10|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/wrestlemania-in-photographs-1-10|work=Sportskeeda|date=1 April 2017}}</ref> As late as 1996, the [[Julio César Chávez vs. Oscar De La Hoya]] boxing fight had 750,000 viewers.<ref>[http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-06-07/sports/9606070183_1_closed-circuit-sites-las-vegas-oscar-de-la-hoya Chavez-De La Hoya Fight Is A Bout About Contrasts], Chicago Tribune article, 1996-06-07, Retrieved on 2015-02-23</ref> Although closed-circuit television was gradually replaced by [[pay-per-view]] home [[cable television]] in the 1980s and 1990s, it is still in use today for most awards shows and other events that are transmitted live to most venues but do not air as such on network television, and later re-edited for broadcast.<ref name="bloodyelbow"/>

 

 

In September 1968, [[Olean, New York]] was the first city in the United States to install video cameras along its main business street in an effort to fight crime.<ref name="Robb, Gary C. 1979 pg. 571-602">[Robb, Gary C. (1979) "Police Use of CCTV Surveillance: Constitutional Implications and Proposed Regulations" University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform. pg. 572]</ref> Another early appearance was in 1973 in [[Times Square]] in [[New York City]].<ref name="Yesil, Bilge">[Yesil, Bilge. (2006) "Watching Ourselves" Cultural Studies. Vol 20(4-5) pp. 400-416]</ref> The NYPD installed it to deter crime in the area; however, crime rates did not appear to drop much due to the cameras.<ref name="Yesil, Bilge"/> Nevertheless, during the 1980s video surveillance began to spread across the country specifically targeting public areas.<ref name="wecusurveillance.com">Roberts, Lucy. "[http://www.wecusurveillance.com/cctvhistory History of Video Surveillance and CCTV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221172303/http://www.wecusurveillance.com/cctvhistory |date=21 December 2019 }}" We C U Surveillance Retrieved 2011-10-20</ref> It was seen as a cheaper way to deter crime compared to increasing the size of the police departments.<ref name="Yesil, Bilge"/> Some businesses as well, especially those that were prone to theft, began to use video surveillance.<ref name="Yesil, Bilge"/> From the mid-1990s on, police departments across the country installed an increasing number of cameras in various public spaces including housing projects, schools and public parks departments.<ref name="Yesil, Bilge"/> CCTV later became common in banks and stores to discourage theft, by recording evidence of criminal activity. In 1997, 3,100 CCTV systems were installed in public housing and residential areas in New York City.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.nyclu.org/sites/default/files/publications/nyclu_pub_whos_watching.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.nyclu.org/sites/default/files/publications/nyclu_pub_whos_watching.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Who's Watching? Video Camera Surveillance in New York City and the Need for Public Oversight|year=2006|pages=5|access-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref>