Closed-circuit television: Difference between revisions

Closed-circuit television was used as a form of [[pay-per-view]] [[theatre television]] for sports such as [[professional boxing]] and [[professional wrestling]], and from 1964 through 1970, the [[Indianapolis 500]] automobile race. Boxing telecasts were broadcast live to a select number of venues, mostly theaters, where viewers paid for tickets to watch the fight live.<ref name="Ezra">{{cite book|last=Ezra|first=Michael|title=The Economic Civil Rights Movement: African Americans and the Struggle for Economic Power|date=2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781136274756|page=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DL41bsCigZcC&pg=PA105|language=en}}</ref><ref name="bloodyelbow">{{cite news|title=History of Prizefighting's Biggest Money Fights|url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2017/8/24/16170894/history-of-prizefightings-biggest-money-fights-boxing-mma-ufc|work=[[Bloody Elbow]]|agency=[[SB Nation]]|date=24 August 2017}}</ref> The first fight with a closed-circuit telecast was [[Joe Louis]] vs. [[Jersey Joe Walcott|Joe Walcott]] in 1948.<ref>{{cite book|title=Television|date=1965|publisher=Frederick A. Kugel Company|page=78|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=it0aAQAAMAAJ&q=Louis+Walcott|language=en|quote=Teleprompter's main-spring, Irving B. Kahn (he's chairman of the board and president), had a taste of closed circuit operations as early as 1948. That summer, Kahn, then a vice president of 20th Century-Fox, negotiated what was probably the first inter-city closed circuit telecast in history, a pickup of the Joe Louis-Joe Walcott fight.}}</ref> Closed-circuit telecasts peaked in popularity with [[Muhammad Ali]] in the 1960s and 1970s,<ref name="Ezra" /><ref name="bloodyelbow" /> with "[[The Rumble in the Jungle]]" fight drawing 50{{nbsp}}million CCTV viewers worldwide in 1974,<ref>{{cite news|title=Zaire's fight promotion opens new gold mines|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/28336306/|work=[[The Morning Herald]]|date=18 November 1974|language=en}}</ref> and the "[[Thrilla in Manila]]" drawing 100{{nbsp}}million CCTV viewers worldwide in 1975.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Karriem Allah|journal=[[Black Belt (magazine)|Black Belt]]|date=1976|page=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Active Interest Media, Inc.|language=en}}</ref> In 1985, the [[WrestleMania I]] professional wrestling show was seen by over one million viewers with this scheme.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wrestlemania In Photographs: 1-10|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/wrestlemania-in-photographs-1-10|work=Sportskeeda|date=1 April 2017}}</ref> As late as 1996, the [[Julio César Chávez vs. Oscar De La Hoya]] boxing fight had 750,000 viewers.<ref>[http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-06-07/sports/9606070183_1_closed-circuit-sites-las-vegas-oscar-de-la-hoya Chavez-De La Hoya Fight Is A Bout About Contrasts], Chicago Tribune article, 1996-06-07, Retrieved on 2015-02-23</ref> Although closed-circuit television was gradually replaced by [[pay-per-view]] home [[cable television]] in the 1980s and 1990s, it is still in use today for most awards shows and other events that are transmitted live to most venues but do not air as such on network television, and later re-edited for broadcast.<ref name="bloodyelbow" />

 

 

[[Marie Van Brittan Brown]] received a patent for the design of a CCTV-based home security system in 1969. (''{{US patent|3482037}}'').

[[File:Bulger cctv.jpg|thumb|The two-year-old [[Murder of James Bulger|James Bulger]] being led away by his killers, recorded on shopping centre CCTV in 1993. This [[narrow-bandwidth television]] system had a low [[frame rate]].]]

[[File:Video surveillance sign.jpg|thumb|Sign warning that premises are watched by CCTV cameras]]

A 2009 systematic review by researchers from [[Northeastern University]] and [[University of Cambridge]] used [[meta-analysis|meta-analytic]] techniques to pool the average effect of CCTV on crime across 41 different studies.<ref name="Public">{{cite web|url = http://journalistsresource.org/studies/economics/housing/surveillance-cameras-and-crime/ |title = Public Area CCTV and Crime Prevention: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |publisher = Journalist's Resource.org |date = 11 February 2014 }}</ref>

 

 

===Crime solving===

CCTV can also be used to help solve crimes. In London alone, six crimes are solved each day on average using CCTV footage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-12080487|title='Six crimes a day' solved by CCTV, Met says|work=BBC News |date=26 December 2010}}</ref>

 

 

===Management of infection===

 

=== Increasing safety and security in public transport ===

 

=== Counter-terrorism ===

Material collected by surveillance cameras has been used as a tool in post-event forensics to identify tactics, techniques and perpetrators of [[terrorist attack]]s. Furthermore, there are various projects − such as [[INDECT]] − that aim to detect suspicious behaviours of individuals and crowds.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mould|first1=Nick|last2=Regens|first2=James L.|last3=Jensen|first3=Carl J.|last4=Edger|first4=David N.|title=Video surveillance and counterterrorism: the application of suspicious activity recognition in visual surveillance systems to counterterrorism|journal=Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism|date=30 August 2014|volume=9|issue=2|pages=151–175|doi=10.1080/18335330.2014.940819|s2cid=62710484}}</ref> It has been argued that terrorists will not be deterred by cameras, that terror attacks are not really the subject of the current use of video surveillance and that terrorists might even see it as an extra channel for [[propaganda]] and publication of their acts.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=In the Petabyte Age of Surveillance, Software Polices|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/security/how-to/a5776/surveillance-cameras-and-data/|magazine=Popular Mechanics|access-date=4 January 2017|date=10 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mehr Videoüberwachung gegen Terroristen - WDR aktuell - Sendung - Video - Mediathek - WDR|url=http://www1.wdr.de/mediathek/video/sendungen/wdr-aktuell/video-mehr-videoueberwachung-gegen-terroristen-100.html|publisher=WDR|access-date=4 January 2017|date=26 October 2016}}</ref> In Germany calls for extended video surveillance by the country's main political parties, [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]], [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] and [[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]] have been dismissed as "little more than a [[placebo]] for a subjective feeling of security" by a member of the Left party.<ref>{{cite web|title=Calls increase for sweeping surveillance after Berlin attack|url=http://www.dw.com/en/calls-increase-for-sweeping-surveillance-after-berlin-attack/a-36854715|publisher=Deutsche Welle|access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref>

 

[[File:Lorex digital wireless camera.jpg|thumb|[[Wireless security camera]]]]

 

 

=== Talking CCTV ===