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Line 40: Confederate reinforcements under Brigadier General [[Joseph E. Johnston]] arrived from the [[Shenandoah Valley]] by railroad, and the course of the battle quickly changed. A [[Stonewall Brigade\|brigade of Virginians]] under a relatively unknown brigadier general from the [[Virginia Military Institute]], [[Stonewall Jackson\|Thomas J. Jackson]], stood its ground, which resulted in Jackson receiving his famous nickname, "Stonewall". The Confederates launched a strong counterattack, and as the Union troops began withdrawing under fire, many panicked and the retreat turned into a rout. McDowell's men frantically ran without order in the direction of Washington, D.C. Both armies were sobered by the fierce ~~and terrible~~ fighting, and the many casualties, and realized that the war was going to be much longer and bloodier than either had anticipated. The First Battle of Bull Run highlighted many of the problems and deficiencies that were typical of the first year of the war. Units were committed piecemeal, attacks were frontal, infantry failed to protect exposed artillery, tactical intelligence was minimal, and neither commander was able to employ his whole force effectively. McDowell, with 35,000 men, could commit only about 18,000, and the combined Confederate forces, with about 32,000 men, also committed 18,000.<ref>Ballard, p. v. (Preface).</ref> ==Background==

First Battle of Bull Run: Difference between revisions