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===Vajrayāna ===
[[File:Guimet Havajra y Nairatmya 01.JPG|thumb|upright|Tibetan and Nepalese Buddhist deities Nairatmya and Hevajra in an embrace. Nairatmya is the goddess of emptiness, and of ''anātman'' realization.<ref name=mirandashaw387 /><ref>{{cite book|author1=Kun-Dga'-Bstan|author2=Kunga Tenpay Nyima|author3=Jared Rhoton|title=The Three Levels of Spiritual Perception: A Commentary on the Three Visions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50Xy0fMJ4TkC|year=2003|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-86171-368-4|page=392|access-date=2016-10-23|archive-date=2019-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219183541/https://books.google.com/books?id=50Xy0fMJ4TkC|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
The ''anātman'' doctrine is extensively discussed in and partly inspires the ritual practices of the Vajrayāna tradition. The Tibetan terms such as ''bdag med'' refer to "without a self, insubstantial, anātman".<ref>{{cite book|author=Garab Dorje|title=The Golden Letters: The Three Statements of Garab Dorje, the First Teacher of Dzogchen, Together with a Commentary by|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_QKAAAAYAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Snow Lion Publications|isbn=978-1-55939-050-7|page=319|access-date=2016-10-23|archive-date=2019-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222120955/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_QKAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> These discussions, states Jeffrey Hopkins, assert the "non-existence of a permanent, unitary and independent self", and attribute these ideas to the Buddha.<ref>{{cite book|author= Jeffrey Hopkins|title=Absorption in No External World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHqKPG77bd0C |year=2006|publisher=Snow Lion Publications |isbn=978-1-55939-946-3 |pages=400–405 }}</ref>
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