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===Tanaka Seisakusho===
{{Nihongo|'''Tanaka Seisakusho'''|田中製作所||Tanaka Engineering Works}} was the first company established by [[Tanaka Hisashige]] (1799–1881), one of the most original and productive inventor-engineers during the Tokugawa / [[Edo period]]. Established on 11 July 1875,<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 July 2015|title=Toshiba chief executive resigns over scandal|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-33605638|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Toshiba Science Museum : Tokyo Period|url=https://toshiba-mirai-kagakukan.jp/en/learn/history/toshiba_history/spirit/hisashige_tanaka/p01_5.htm|access-date=14 June 2021|website=toshiba-mirai-kagakukan.jp}}</ref> it was the first Japanese company to manufacture [[telegraph]] equipment. It also manufactured switches, and miscellaneous electrical and communications equipment.
The company was inherited by Tanaka's adopted son, and later became half of the present Toshiba company. Several people who worked at Tanaka Seisakusho or who received Tanaka's guidance at a Kubusho (Ministry of Industries) factory later became pioneers themselves. These included
After the demise of the founder in 1881 Tanaka Seisakusho became partly owned by [[General Electric]] and expanded into the production of [[torpedo]]es and [[Naval mine|mines]] at the request of the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]], to become one of the largest manufacturing companies of the time. However, as the Navy started to use competitive bids and then build its own works, the demand decreased substantially and the company started to lose money. The main creditor to the company, [[Mitsui]] Bank, took over the insolvent company in 1893 and renamed it [[Shibaura Seisakusho]] (Shibaura Engineering Works).<ref name="Odagiri-Goto" />
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===Hakunetsusha (Tokyo Denki)===
{{Nihongo|'''Hakunetsusha'''|白熱舎}} was a company established by
The company was established in 1890 and started out by selling bulbs using bamboo filaments. However, following the opening up of trade with the West through the [[Unequal treaty]], [[Hakunetsusha]] met with fierce competition from imports. Its bulb cost about 60 percent more than the imports and the quality was poorer. The company managed to survive with the booms after the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] of 1894–95 and the [[Russo-Japanese War]] of 1904–05, but afterward its financial position was precarious.
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