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Chronic stressors may not be as intense as acute stressors such as natural disaster or a major accident, but persist over longer periods of time and tend to have a more negative effect on health because they are sustained and thus require the body's physiological response to occur daily.<ref name="ReferenceE">{{cite journal |author1=Pinquart M. |author2=Sörensen S. | year = 2003 | title = Differences between caregivers and non-caregivers in psychological health and physical health: a meta-analysis | journal = Psychology and Aging | volume = 18 | issue = 2| pages = 250–267 | doi=10.1037/0882-7974.18.2.250|pmid=12825775 }}</ref> This depletes the body's energy more quickly and usually occurs over long periods of time, especially when these microstressors cannot be avoided (i.e. stress of living in a dangerous neighborhood). See [[allostatic load]] for further discussion of the biological process by which chronic stress may affect the body. For example, studies have found that caregivers, particularly those of dementia patients, have higher levels of depression and slightly worse physical health than non-caregivers.<ref name="ReferenceE"/>
When humans are under chronic stress, permanent changes in their physiological, emotional, and behavioral responses may occur.<ref name = Cohen2007>{{cite journal | last1 = Cohen | first1 = S | last2 = Janicki-Deverts | first2 = D | last3 = Miller | first3 = GE. | year = 2007 | title = Psychological Stress and Disease | url = http://www.psy.cmu.edu/~scohen/JAMA_2007_Psy_Stress_Disease.pdf | journal = JAMA | volume = 298 | issue = 14 | pages = 1685–1687 | doi = 10.1001/jama.298.14.1685 | pmid = 17925521 | s2cid = 12159960 | access-date = 5 July 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082915/http://www.psy.cmu.edu/~scohen/JAMA_2007_Psy_Stress_Disease.pdf | archive-date = 24 September 2015 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Chronic stress can include events such as caring for a spouse with dementia, or may result from brief focal events that have long term effects, such as experiencing a sexual assault. Studies have also shown that psychological stress may directly contribute to the disproportionately high rates of [[coronary heart disease]] [[morbidity]] and [[mortality rate|mortality]] and its etiologic [[risk factors]]. Specifically, acute and chronic stress have been shown to raise [[Hypercholesterolemia|serum lipids]] and are associated with clinical coronary events.<ref name=Calderon >{{Cite journal | issn = 1049-510X | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 451–462 | last = Calderon | first = R. |author2= Schneider, R. H.|author3=Alexander, C. N.|author4=Myers, H. F.|author5=Nidich, S. I.|author6= Haney, C. | title = Stress, stress reduction and hypercholesterolemia in African Americans: a review | journal = Ethnicity & Disease | date = 1999 | pmid = 10600068}}</ref>
However, it is possible for individuals to exhibit [[hardiness (psychological)|hardiness]]—a term referring to the ability to be both chronically stressed and healthy.<ref>Kobasa, S. C. (1982). The Hardy Personality: Toward a Social Psychology of Stress and Health. In G. S. Sanders & J. Suls (Eds.), Social Psychology of Health and Illness (pp. 1–25). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc.</ref> Even though psychological stress is often connected with illness or disease, most healthy individuals can still remain disease-free after being confronted with chronic stressful events. This suggests that there are individual differences in vulnerability to the potential pathogenic effects of stress; individual differences in vulnerability arise due to both genetic and psychological factors. In addition, the age at which the stress is experienced can dictate its effect on health. Research suggests chronic stress at a young age can have lifelong effects on the biological, psychological, and behavioral responses to stress later in life.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Miller | first1 = G. | last2 = Chen | first2 = E. | last3 = Cole | first3 = S. W. | year = 2009 | title = Health psychology: Developing biologically plausible models linking the social world and physical health | journal = Annual Review of Psychology | volume = 60 | pages = 501–524 | doi=10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163551 | pmid=19035829| doi-access = free }}</ref>
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===Infectious===
Some studies have observed increased risk of [[upper respiratory tract infection]] during chronic life stress. In patients with HIV, increased life stress and cortisol was associated with poorer progression of HIV.<ref name="auto"/> Also with an increased level of stress, studies have proven evidence that it can reactivate latent herpes viruses.<ref>{{Cite journal |
===Chronic disease===
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