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Josiah Warren is widely regarded as the first American anarchist,<ref name="Slate">Palmer, Brian (29 December 2010). [http://www.slate.com/id/2279457/ What do anarchists want from us?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901161604/http://www.slate.com/id/2279457/ |date=1 September 2011 }}. ''[[Slate.com]]''.</ref> and the four-page weekly paper he edited during 1833, ''The Peaceful Revolutionist'', was the first anarchist periodical published.<ref name="bailie20">{{cite web|url=http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/warren/1stAmAnarch.pdf|title=Josiah Warren: The First American Anarchist – A Sociological Study|access-date=17 June 2013 |first=William |last=Bailie |publisher=Small, Maynard & Co. |year=1906 |page= 20 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204155505/http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/warren/1stAmAnarch.pdf|archive-date=4 February 2012}}</ref> For American anarchist historian Eunice Minette Schuster, "[i]t is apparent [...] that Proudhonian Anarchism was to be found in the United States at least as early as 1848 and that it was not conscious of its affinity to the Individualist Anarchism of Josiah Warren and [[Stephen Pearl Andrews]]. [...] [[William B. Greene]] presented this Proudhonian Mutualism in its purest and most systematic form".<ref name="againstallauthority.org2">{{cite web|url=http://www.againstallauthority.org/NativeAmericanAnarchism.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213201445/http://www.againstallauthority.org/NativeAmericanAnarchism.html|url-status=dead|title=''Native American Anarchism: A Study of Left-Wing American Individualism'' by Eunice Minette Schuster|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref>
Later, Benjamin Tucker fused Stirner's egoism with the economics of Warren and Proudhon in his eclectic influential publication ''Liberty''. From these early influences, individualist anarchism in different countries attracted a small yet diverse following of bohemian artists and intellectuals,<ref name="bohemian individualism">{{cite web|url=http://libcom.org/library/socanlifean2|title=2. Individualist Anarchism and Reaction|website=libcom.org|access-date=26 April 2014|archive-date=18 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418210801/http://libcom.org/library/socanlifean2|url-status=live}}</ref> free love and [[birth control]] advocates ([[anarchism and issues related to love and sex]]),<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=https://ncc-1776.org/tle1996/le961210.html|title=The Free Love Movement and Radical Individualism, By Wendy McElroy|website=ncc-1776.org|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=18 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218111508/https://ncc-1776.org/tle1996/le961210.html|url-status=live}}</ref> individualist [[naturist]]s ([[anarcho-naturism]]), free thought and [[Anti-clericalism|anti-clerical]] activists<ref name="mises.org">{{cite web|url=https://mises.org/journals/jls/5_3/5_3_4.pdf|title=Culture of Individualist Anarchism in Late 19th Century America|last=anne|date=30 July 2014|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-date=11 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911065010/http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/5_3/5_3_4.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as young anarchist outlaws in what became known as [[illegalism]] and [[individual reclamation]]<ref name="The Illegalists">[http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/illegalistsDougImrie.htm The "Illegalists"].{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908072801/http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/illegalistsDougImrie.htm|date=8 September 2015}}. Doug Imrie (published by [[Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed]]).</ref><ref name="Parry, Richard 1987. p. 15">Parry, Richard. ''The Bonnot Gang''. Rebel Press, 1987. p. 15.</ref>
[[File:Fauresebastien police.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Sébastien Faure]], prominent French theorist of libertarian communism as well as atheist and freethought militant]]
In 1873, the follower and translator of Proudhon, the Catalan [[Francesc Pi i Margall]], became [[President of Spain]] with a program which wanted "to establish a decentralized, or "cantonalist," political system on Proudhonian lines",<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/22753/anarchism/66525/Anarchism-in-Spain#ref539322 "Anarchism" at the ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424210641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/22753/anarchism/66525/Anarchism-in-Spain#ref539322 |date=24 April 2014 }}.</ref> who according to [[Rudolf Rocker]] had "political ideas, [...] much in common with those of [[Richard Price]], [[Joseph Priestly]] [''sic''], Thomas Paine, Jefferson, and other representatives of the Anglo-American liberalism of the first period. He wanted to limit the power of the state to a minimum and gradually replace it by a Socialist economic order".<ref>{{cite web|last=Rocker|first=Rudolph|date=1938|title=AnarchoSyndicalism : Theory and Practice|url=http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/anarchosyndicalism-theory-and-practice-idea/view.php?action=display|website=Revolt Library|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228140346/http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/anarchosyndicalism-theory-and-practice-idea/view.php?action=display|url-status=live}}</ref> On the other hand, [[Fermín Salvochea]] was a mayor of the city of [[Cádiz]] and a president of the [[province of Cádiz]]. He was one of the main propagators of [[anarchist]] thought in that area in the late 19th century and is considered to be "perhaps the most beloved figure in the [[Anarchism in Spain|Spanish Anarchist]] movement of the 19th century".<ref name=bookchin>Bookchin, Murray (1998). ''[[The Spanish Anarchists]]''. pp. 111–114.</ref><ref>[https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=es&u=http://www.cgt.es/spcgta/BIOGRAFIAS4.htm&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=3&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3DFerm%25C3%25ADn%2BSalvochea%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-GB:official%26hs%3DbF3 FERMÍN SALVOCHEA ÁLVAREZ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224192538/https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=es&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgt.es%2Fspcgta%2FBIOGRAFIAS4.htm&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=3&ct=result&prev=%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DFerm%C3%ADn%2BSalvochea%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla%3Aen-GB%3Aofficial%26hs%3DbF3 |date=24 February 2021 }}, CGT. BIOGRAFÍAS (English translation). Accessed April 2009</ref> Ideologically, he was influenced by [[Charles Bradlaugh|Bradlaugh]], [[Robert Owen|Owen]] and [[Thomas Paine|Paine]], whose works he had studied during his stay in [[England]] and [[Kropotkin]], whom he read later.<ref name="bookchin"/>
The [[Revolutions of 1917–1923|revolutionary wave of 1917–1923]] saw the active participation of anarchists in Russia and Europe. Russian anarchists participated alongside the [[Bolshevik]]s in both the [[February Revolution|February]] and [[October Revolution|October]] 1917 revolutions. However, Bolsheviks in central Russia quickly began to imprison or drive underground the libertarian anarchists. Many fled to Ukraine,<ref>{{cite book|last=Avrich|first=Paul|title=The Russian Anarchists|publisher=AK Press|location=Stirling|year=2006|isbn=1904859488|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5pqSkSgKacAC&q=The+Russian+Anarchists+libertarian&pg=PA195|pages=195, 204|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=23 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323162647/https://books.google.com/books?id=5pqSkSgKacAC&q=The+Russian+Anarchists+libertarian&pg=PA195|url-status=live}}</ref> where they fought for the [[Makhnovshchina]] in the [[Russian Civil War]] against the [[White movement]], monarchists and other opponents of revolution and then against Bolsheviks as part of the [[Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine]] led by [[Nestor Makhno]], who established an anarchist society in the region. The victory of the Bolsheviks damaged anarchist movements internationally as workers and activists joined [[Communist party|Communist parties]]. In France and the United States, for example, members of the major syndicalist movements of the [[Confédération générale du travail|CGT]] and [[Industrial Workers of the World|IWW]] joined the [[Comintern|Communist International]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Drachkovitch|editor1-first=Milorad M.|first=Max|last=Nomad|contribution=The Anarchist Tradition|title=The Revolutionary Internationals, 1864–1943|publisher=Stanford University Press|page=88|year=1966|isbn=0804702934}}{{verify source|date=March 2013}}</ref>
With the rise of [[fascism]] in Europe between the 1920s and the 1930s, anarchists began to fight fascists in Italy,<ref>Holbrow, Marnie, [http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=8205 "Daring but Divided"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729114710/http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=8205 |date=29 July 2013 }} (''Socialist Review'', November 2002).</ref> in France during the [[6 February 1934 crisis|February 1934 riots]]<ref>Berry, David. "Fascism or Revolution." ''Le Libertaire''. August 1936.</ref> and in Spain where the [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|CNT]] (Confederación Nacional del Trabajo) boycott of elections led to a right-wing victory and its later participation in voting in 1936 helped bring the popular front back to power. This led to a ruling class attempted coup and the [[Spanish Civil War]] (1936–1939).<ref>Antony Beevor, ''The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006, p. 46, {{ISBN|978-0297848325}}.</ref> Gruppo Comunista Anarchico di Firenze held that during the early twentieth century, the terms libertarian communism and anarchist communism became synonymous within the international anarchist movement as a result of the close connection they had in Spain ([[anarchism in Spain]]), with ''libertarian communism'' becoming the prevalent term.<ref>Gruppo Comunista Anarchico di Firenze (October 1979). [http://www.fdca.it/fdcaen/historical/vault/ancom-libcom.htm "Anarchist Communism & Libertarian Communism"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018191416/http://www.fdca.it/fdcaen/historical/vault/ancom-libcom.htm |date=18 October 2017 }}. ''L'informatore di parte''. '''4'''.</ref>
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