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=== Contemporary libertarian socialism ===
[[File:CNT-1mayo2010.jpg|thumb|left|Members of the Spanish anarcho-syndicalist trade union [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo]] marching in Madrid in 2010]]
A surge of popular interest in libertarian socialism occurred in Western nations during the 1960s and 1970s.<ref>{{Harvnbcite book |last=Thomas |first=Paul |title=Karl Marx and the Anarchists |url=https://archive.org/details/karlmarxanarchis00thom |url-access=limited |publisher=[[Routledge]]/[[Kegan Paul]] |location=London |year=1985 |isbn=0710206852 |page=4}}</ref> Anarchism was influential in the [[counterculture of the 1960s]]<ref>{{cite web|author=John Patten|url=http://www.katesharpleylibrary.net/dnckhs|title="These groups had their roots in the anarchist resurgence of the nineteen sixties. Young militants finding their way to anarchism, often from the anti-bomb and anti-Vietnam war movements, linked up with an earlier generation of activists, largely outside the ossified structures of 'official' anarchism. Anarchist tactics embraced demonstrations, direct action such as industrial militancy and squatting, protest bombings like those of the First of May Group and Angry Brigade—and a spree of publishing activity." "Islands of Anarchy: Simian, Cienfuegos, Refract and their support network" by John Patten|publisher=Katesharpleylibrary.net|date=28 October 1968|access-date=11 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604120204/http://www.katesharpleylibrary.net/dnckhs|archive-date=4 June 2011}}</ref><ref>"Farrell provides a detailed history of the Catholic Workers and their founders Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin. He explains that their pacifism, anarchism, and commitment to the downtrodden were one of the important models and inspirations for the 60s. As Farrell puts it, "Catholic Workers identified the issues of the sixties before the Sixties began, and they offered models of protest long before the protest decade."[http://library.nothingness.org/articles/SA/en/display/268 "The Spirit of the Sixties: The Making of Postwar Radicalism" by James J. Farrell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406120402/http://library.nothingness.org/articles/SA/en/display/268 |date=6 April 2013 }}.</ref><ref>"While not always formally recognized, much of the protest of the sixties was anarchist. Within the nascent women's movement, anarchist principles became so widespread that a political science professor denounced what she saw as "The Tyranny of Structurelessness." Several groups have called themselves "Amazon Anarchists." After the [[Stonewall Rebellion]], the New York [[Gay Liberation Front]] based their organization in part on a reading of [[Murray Bookchin]]'s anarchist writings." [http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Anarchism.pdf "Anarchism" by Charley Shively in ''Encyclopedia of Homosexuality''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419214254/http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Anarchism.pdf |date=19 April 2012 }}. p. 52.</ref> and anarchists actively participated in the [[protests of 1968]] which included students and workers' revolts.<ref>"Within the movements of the sixties there was much more receptivity to anarchism-in-fact than had existed in the movements of the thirties ... But the movements of the sixties were driven by concerns that were more compatible with an expressive style of politics, with hostility to authority in general and state power in particular ... By the late sixties, political protest was intertwined with cultural radicalism based on a critique of all authority and all hierarchies of power. Anarchism circulated within the movement along with other radical ideologies. The influence of anarchism was strongest among radical feminists, in the commune movement, and probably in the Weather Underground and elsewhere in the violent fringe of the anti-war movement." [http://www.monthlyreview.org/0901epstein.htm "Anarchism and the Anti-Globalization Movement" by Barbara Epstein] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317032203/http://www.monthlyreview.org/0901epstein.htm |date=17 March 2011 }}.</ref> In 1968, the International of Anarchist Federations was founded in Carrara, Italy during an international anarchist conference held there in 1968 by the three existing European federations of [[Anarchist Federation (France)|France]], the [[Federazione Anarchica Italiana|Italian]] and the [[Federación Anarquista Ibérica|Iberian Anarchist Federation]] as well as the Bulgarian Anarchist Federation in French exile.<ref name="Short history of the IAF-IFA"/><ref>[http://www.iisg.nl/archives/en/files/l/10760196.php "London Federation of Anarchists involvement in Carrara conference, 1968"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119000946/http://www.iisg.nl/archives/en/files/l/10760196.php |date=19 January 2012 }}, International Institute of Social History. Retrieved 19 January 2010.</ref>
Around the turn of the 21st century, libertarian socialism grew in popularity and influence as part of the anti-war, anti-capitalist and [[anti-globalisation movement]]s.<ref name=rupert>{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/globalizationint00rupe/page/66 66]|last=Rupert|first=Mark|title=Globalization and International Political Economy|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|location=Lanham|year=2006|isbn=0742529436|url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationint00rupe/page/66}}</ref> Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the meetings of the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO), [[G8|Group of Eight]] and the [[World Economic Forum]]. Some anarchist factions at these protests engaged in rioting, property destruction and violent confrontations with police. These actions were precipitated by ad hoc, leaderless, anonymous cadres known as [[black bloc]]s and other organizational tactics pioneered in this time include [[security culture]], [[affinity groups]] and the use of decentralized technologies such as the Internet.<ref name=rupert/> A significant event of this period was the confrontations at [[World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity|WTO conference in Seattle in 1999]].<ref name=rupert/> For English anarchist scholar [[Simon Critchley]], "contemporary anarchism can be seen as a powerful critique of the pseudo-libertarianism of contemporary [[neo-liberalism]]. One might say that contemporary anarchism is about responsibility, whether sexual, ecological or socio-economic; it flows from an experience of conscience about the manifold ways in which the West ravages the rest; it is an ethical outrage at the yawning inequality, impoverishment and disenfranchisment that is so palpable locally and globally".<ref>''[[Simon Critchley#Infinitely Demanding (2007)|Infinitely Demanding]]'' by [[Simon Critchley]]. [[Verso Books|Verso]]. 2007. p. 125.</ref> This might also have been motivated by "the collapse of '[[Real socialism|really existing socialism]]' and the capitulation to [[neo-liberalism]] of Western [[social democracy]]".<ref>Chamsy el- Ojeili. ''Beyond post-socialism. Dialogues with the far-left.'' Palgrave Macmillan. 2015. p. 7.</ref>
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