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In [[Ancient Rome]], ''[[Acta Diurna]]'', or government announcement bulletins, were produced. They were carved in metal or stone and posted in public places. In China, early government-produced news-sheets, called [[Dibao (ancient Chinese Gazette)|Dibao]], circulated among court officials during the late [[Han dynasty]] (second and third centuries AD). Between 713 and 734, the ''[[Kaiyuan Za Bao]]'' ("Bulletin of the Court") of the Chinese [[Tang dynasty]] published government news; it was handwritten on silk and read by government officials. In 1582, there was the first reference to privately published newssheets in Beijing, during the late [[Ming dynasty]].<ref name="brook xxi">{{cite book |author-link =Timothy Brook (historian)|last =Brook|first = Timothy|date =1998|title = [[The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China]]|location = Berkeley|publisher = [[University of California Press]]|isbn = 0-520-22154-0|page = xxi}}</ref>
In [[early modern Europe]], the increased cross-border interaction created a rising need for information which was met by concise handwritten news-sheets. In 1556, the government of [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] first published the monthly ''[[notizie scritte]]'', which cost one ''gazetta'', a small coin.<ref name="WAN timeline">{{cite web|url=http://www.wan-press.org/article2822.html|title=WAN – A Newspaper Timeline|publisher=Wan and-press.org|access-date=21 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111093302/http://www.wan-press.org/article2822.html|archive-date=11 January 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> These [[avviso|avvisi]] were handwritten [[newsletter]]s and used to convey political, military, and economic news quickly and efficiently to Italian cities (1500–1700)—sharing some characteristics of
===
{{Main|History of newspaper publishing}}
{{See also|List of the earliest newspapers|Newspaper production process}}
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The first mechanical, movable type printing that allowed the mass production of printed books was invented by [[Johannes Gutenberg|Johann Gutenberg]] around 1450. In the 50 years after Gutenberg started printing, an estimated 500,000 books were in circulation, printed on about 1,000 presses across the continent. Gutenberg's invention was a simple device, but it launched a revolution marked by repeated advances in technology and, as a result, a popularization of the ideals of liberty and freedom of information exchange.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/1998/02/11/a-history-of-newspaper-gutenbergs-press-started-a-revolution/2e95875c-313e-4b5c-9807-8bcb031257ad/?noredirect=on|title=A History of Newspaper: Gutenberg's Press Started a Revolution|last=Nelson|first=Heming|date=February 11, 1998|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>
The emergence of the new media in the 17th century has to be seen in close connection with the [[spread of the printing press]] from which the publishing [[Publishing|press]] derives its name.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Weber|first=Johannes|title=Strassburg, 1605: The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe|journal=German History |volume=24|issue=3|pages=387–412 (387)|year=2006|doi=10.1191/0266355406gh380oa}}: {{blockquote|At the same time, then as the [[printing press]] in the physical technological sense was invented, 'the press' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage. The phenomenon of publishing was now born.}}</ref> The German-language ''[[Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien]]'', printed from 1605 onwards by [[Johann Carolus]] in [[Strasbourg]] in the [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation]], is often recognized as the first newspaper.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uni-leipzig.de/%7Ehsk/pgs/jahrbuch/2005/Weber_Strassburg1605.pdf|title=Weber, Johannes: Straßburg 1605: Die Geburt der Zeitung, in: ''Jahrbuch für Kommunikationsgeschichte'', Vol. 7 (2005), S. 3–27|language=de|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410191605/http://www.uni-leipzig.de/%7Ehsk/pgs/jahrbuch/2005/Weber_Strassburg1605.pdf|archive-date=10 April 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wan-press.org/article6476.html |title=WAN – Newspapers: 400 Years Young! |publisher=Wan-press.org |access-date=21 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310235015/http://www.wan-press.org/article6476.html |archive-date=10 March 2010 }}</ref> The second newspaper, the German ''[[Avisa Relation oder Zeitung|Avisa]]'', was published from 1609 in [[Wolfenbüttel]]. Both
The Dutch ''[[Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c.]]'' ("Courant from Italy, Germany, etc.") of 1618 was the first to appear in [[Quarto-size|folio- rather than quarto-size]]. Amsterdam, a center of world trade, quickly became home to
''[[Post- och Inrikes Tidningar]]'' (founded as ''Ordinari Post Tijdender'') was first published in Sweden in 1645, and is the oldest newspaper still in existence, though it now publishes solely online.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wan-press.org/article2823.html |title=WAN – Oldest newspapers still in circulation |publisher=Wan-press.org |access-date=21 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040107070325/http://www.wan-press.org/article2823.html |archive-date=7 January 2004 }}</ref> ''[[Opregte Haarlemsche Courant]]'' from [[Haarlem]], first published in 1656, is the oldest paper still printed. It was forced to merge with the newspaper ''[[Haarlems Dagblad]]'' in 1942 when Germany occupied the Netherlands. Since then the ''Haarlems Dagblad'' has appeared with the subtitle ''Oprechte Haerlemse Courant 1656''. ''[[Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny]]'' was published in [[Kraków]], Poland in 1661. The first successful English daily, ''[[The Daily Courant]]'', was published from 1702 to 1735.<ref name="stephens collier's"/><ref>[http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/news/concisehistoryofthebritishnewspaper/britnews18th/ Concise History of the British Newspaper in the Eighteenth Century]{{dead link|date=February 2012}}</ref>
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====Asia====
{{Main|Media of India|Japanese newspapers|History of Chinese newspapers|l1 = Print media in India}} During the [[Tang dynasty]] in China (618–906), the ''[[Kaiyuan Za Bao]]'' published the government news; it was [[Woodblock printing|block-printed]] onto paper. It is sometimes considered one of the earliest
The ''Jobo'', which is discussed in the [[Annals of the Joseon Dynasty]], is published in 1577 as
====Middle East====
{{Main|History of Middle Eastern newspapers}}
The history of [[Middle East]]ern
The first
The first non-official Turkish newspaper, ''Ceride-i Havadis'' (Register of Events), was published by an Englishman, William Churchill, in 1840. The first private newspaper to be published by Turkish journalists, ''Tercüman-ı Ahvâl'' (Interpreter of Events), was founded by [[İbrahim Şinasi]] and [[Agah Efendi]] and issued in 1860.<ref name="Ágoston 433">Ágoston & Masters, p. 433.</ref> The first newspaper in Iran, ''Kaghaz-e Akhbar'' (The Newspaper), was created for the government by [[Mirza Saleh Shirazi]] in 1837.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Camron Michael Amin|title=The Press and Public Diplomacy in Iran, 1820–1940|journal=Iranian Studies|volume=48|issue=2|pages=269–287|year=2014|doi=10.1080/00210862.2013.871145|s2cid=144328080}}</ref> The first journals in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] appeared in [[Hijaz]], once it had become independent of Ottoman rule, towards the end of World War I. One of the earliest women to sign her articles in the Arab press was the female medical practitioner [[Galila Tamarhan]], who contributed articles to a medical magazine called "''Ya'asub al-Tib''" (Leader in Medicine) in the 1860s.<ref>Sakr, p. 40.</ref>
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===Industrial Revolution===
[[File:The front page of the Helsingin Sanomat for July 7, 1904 (2).png|thumb|upright=1|Front page of the {{Lang|fi|[[Helsingin Sanomat]]}} (''Helsinki Times'') on July 7, 1904]]
By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South America, published newspaper-type publications though not all of them developed in the same way; content was vastly shaped by regional and cultural preferences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055609/newspaper|title=Newspaper |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |access-date=21 February 2012}}</ref> Advances in printing technology related to the [[Industrial Revolution]] enabled
In 1830, the first inexpensive "[[penny press]]" newspaper came to the market: Lynde M. Walter's Boston ''[[Boston Evening Transcript|Transcript]]''.<ref>David R. Spencer, ''The Yellow Journalism'' (2007) p. 22.</ref> Penny press papers cost about one sixth the price of other newspapers and appealed to a wider audience, including less educated and lower-income people.<ref name="bird">Bird, S. Elizabeth. ''For Enquiring Minds: A Cultural Study of Supermarket Tabloids''. Knoxville: [[University of Tennessee Press]], 1992: 12–17.</ref> In France, [[Émile de Girardin]] started {{Lang|fr|[[La Presse (French newspaper)|La Presse]]}} in 1836, introducing cheap, advertising-supported dailies to France. In 1848, [[August Zang]], an Austrian who knew Girardin in Paris, returned to Vienna to introduce the same methods with {{Lang|de|[[Die Presse]]}} (which was named for and frankly copied Girardin's publication).<ref>[[Constantin von Wurzbach|Wurzbach, C.]] (1891). ''Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich, enthaltend die Lebensskizzen der denkwürdigen Personen, welche seit 1750 in den österreichischen Kronländern geboren wurden oder darin gelebt und gewirkt haben'', (162–165); Jim Chevallier, "August Zang and the French Croissant: How Viennoiserie Came to France", p. 3–30; [http://diepresse.com/unternehmen/geschichte/9819/index.do Diepresse.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307055342/http://diepresse.com/unternehmen/geschichte/9819/index.do |date=7 March 2009 }} Article in "Die Presse" on its founding.</ref>
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