Newspaper: Difference between revisions

In [[early modern Europe]], the increased cross-border interaction created a rising need for information which was met by concise handwritten news-sheets. In 1556, the government of [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] first published the monthly ''[[notizie scritte]]'', which cost one ''gazetta'', a small coin.<ref name="WAN timeline">{{cite web|url=http://www.wan-press.org/article2822.html|title=WAN&nbsp;– A Newspaper Timeline|publisher=Wan and-press.org|access-date=21 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111093302/http://www.wan-press.org/article2822.html|archive-date=11 January 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> These [[avviso|avvisi]] were handwritten [[newsletter]]s and used to convey political, military, and economic news quickly and efficiently to Italian cities (1500–1700)—sharing some characteristics of newspapernewspapers though usually not considered true newspapers.<ref>Infelise, Mario. "Roman Avvisi: Information and Politics in the Seventeenth Century". ''Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492–1700''. Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]], 2002. 212,214,216–217</ref> However, none of these publications fully met the classical criteria for proper newspapernewspapers, as they were typically not intended for the general public and restricted to a certain range of topics.

===NewspaperNewspapers===

The emergence of the new media in the 17th century has to be seen in close connection with the [[spread of the printing press]] from which the publishing [[Publishing|press]] derives its name.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Weber|first=Johannes|title=Strassburg, 1605: The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe|journal=German History |volume=24|issue=3|pages=387–412 (387)|year=2006|doi=10.1191/0266355406gh380oa}}: {{blockquote|At the same time, then as the [[printing press]] in the physical technological sense was invented, 'the press' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage. The phenomenon of publishing was now born.}}</ref> The German-language ''[[Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien]]'', printed from 1605 onwards by [[Johann Carolus]] in [[Strasbourg]] in the [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation]], is often recognized as the first newspaper.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uni-leipzig.de/%7Ehsk/pgs/jahrbuch/2005/Weber_Strassburg1605.pdf|title=Weber, Johannes: Straßburg 1605: Die Geburt der Zeitung, in: ''Jahrbuch für Kommunikationsgeschichte'', Vol. 7 (2005), S. 3–27|language=de|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410191605/http://www.uni-leipzig.de/%7Ehsk/pgs/jahrbuch/2005/Weber_Strassburg1605.pdf|archive-date=10 April 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wan-press.org/article6476.html |title=WAN&nbsp;– Newspapers: 400 Years Young! |publisher=Wan-press.org |access-date=21 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310235015/http://www.wan-press.org/article6476.html |archive-date=10 March 2010 }}</ref> The second newspaper, the German ''[[Avisa Relation oder Zeitung|Avisa]]'', was published from 1609 in [[Wolfenbüttel]]. Both newspapernewspapers distinguished themselves from other printed material by being published on a regular basis. They reported on a variety of current events to a broad public audience. Within a few decades, newspapers could be found in all the major cities of Europe, from [[Venice]] to London.

The Dutch ''[[Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c.]]'' ("Courant from Italy, Germany, etc.") of 1618 was the first to appear in [[Quarto-size|folio- rather than quarto-size]]. Amsterdam, a center of world trade, quickly became home to newspapernewspapers in many languages, often before they were published in their own country.<ref name="stephens collier's">{{cite web|url=http://www.nyu.edu/classes/stephens/Collier's%20page.htm|title=History of Newspapers|first=Mitchell|last=Stephens|publisher=Nyu.edu|access-date=21 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516064617/http://www.nyu.edu/classes/stephens/Collier's%20page.htm|archive-date=16 May 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first English-language newspaper, ''Corrant out of Italy, Germany, etc.'', was published in Amsterdam in 1620. In the same year, the [[Antwerp]] periodial ''[[Nieuwe Tijdinghen]]''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arnold |first=Th.J. |url= |title=Bibliotheca Belgica |date= |publisher= |edition=Part 129-130 |series=Article |location=Ghent |language=nl}}</ref> was published by [[Abraham Verhoeven]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=De Bom |first=Emmanuel |url= |title=Tijdschrift voor Boek- en Bibliotheekwezen |publisher=Antwerp Library |year=1903 |isbn= |series=Periodical |location=Antwerp |pages=27 |language=nl}}</ref> In 1621, {{lang|enm|Corante, or weekely newes from Italy, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, France and the Low Countreys}} was published in England by an "N.B." (generally thought to be either [[Nathaniel Butter]] or [[Nicholas Bourne (publisher)|Nicholas Bourne]]) and [[Thomas Archer (publisher)|Thomas Archer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/news/concisehistbritnews/britnews17th/index.html|title=Concise History of the British Newspaper in the Seventeenth Century|website=bl.uk}}</ref> The first newspaper in France was published in 1631, {{Lang|fr|[[La Gazette]]}} (originally published as {{Lang|fr|Gazette de France}}).<ref name="WAN timeline" /> The first newspaper in Italy, in accordance with the oldest issue still preserved, was ''[[Di Genova (newspaper 1639)|Di Genova]]'' published in 1639 in [[Genoa]].<ref name="Far">{{cite book | last=Farinelli | first=Giuseppe | title=Storia del giornalismo italiano : dalle origini a oggi | publisher=UTET libreria | location=Torino | year=2004 | isbn=88-7750-891-4 | oclc=58604958 | language=it | page=15}}</ref> The first newspaper in Portugal, ''[[A Gazeta da Restauração]]'', was published in 1641 in [[Lisbon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://purl.pt/12094/4/|title=Biblioteca Nacional Digital&nbsp;– Gazeta..., Em Lisboa, 1642–1648|publisher=Purl.pt|access-date=21 February 2012}}</ref> The first Spanish newspaper, [[Gaceta de Madrid]], was published in 1661.

{{Main|Media of India|Japanese newspapers|History of Chinese newspapers|l1 = Print media in India}} During the [[Tang dynasty]] in China (618–906), the ''[[Kaiyuan Za Bao]]'' published the government news; it was [[Woodblock printing|block-printed]] onto paper. It is sometimes considered one of the earliest sheets of newspapernewspapers to be published. The first recorded attempt to found somea newspaper of the modern type in South Asia was by [[William Bolts]], a Dutchman in the employ of the British East India Company in September 1768 in Calcutta. However, before he could begin his newspaper, he was deported back to Europe. In 1780 the first newsprint from this region, ''[[Hicky's Bengal Gazette]]'', was published by an Irishman, [[James Augustus Hicky]]. He used it as a means to criticize the British rule through journalism.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/exclusive-corrupt-system-and-media_922302.html|title = Exclusive: Corrupt system and media|date = 4 April 2014|work = Zee News|access-date = 3 January 2015}}</ref>

The ''Jobo'', which is discussed in the [[Annals of the Joseon Dynasty]], is published in 1577 as somea privately run commercial newspaper. It was printed daily, and covered a range of topics, including weather, constellations, and current affairs. In 2017, a Korean monk claimed to have discovered an extant copy of the ''Jobo''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Korean monk claims to have found world's oldest newspaper|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3032362|website=Korea JoongAng Daily| date=18 April 2017 |access-date=1 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=세계 최초의 신문…1577년 조선시대 '조보' 실물 발견|url=http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=shm&sid1=103&oid=055&aid=0000522693|website=네이버 뉴스|access-date=1 May 2017|language=ko}}</ref>

The history of [[Middle East]]ern newspapernewspapers goes back to the 19th century. Many editors were not only journalists but also writers, philosophers and politicians. With unofficial journals, these intellectuals encouraged public discourse on politics in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and [[History of Iran|Persian]] Empires. Literary works of all genres were serialized and published in the press as well.

The first newspapernewspapers in the Ottoman Empire were owned by foreigners living there who wanted to make propaganda about the Western world.<ref>{{cite book|last=Stavrianos|first=Leften Stavros|title=The Balkans since 1453|year=2000|orig-year=first published 1958|publisher=C. Hurst & Co|isbn=978-0814797662|url=https://archive.org/details/balkanssince145300lsst|page = 211}}</ref> The earliest was printed in 1795 by the Palais de France in [[Beyoğlu|Pera]]. Indigenous Middle Eastern journalism started in 1828, when [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]], [[Khedive]] of Egypt, ordered the local establishment of the gazette ''[[Vekayi-i Misriye]]'' (''Egyptian Affairs'').<ref>''E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936'', p.&nbsp;952.</ref> It was first paper written in [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] and [[Arabic]] on opposite pages, and later in Arabic only, under the title "''al-Waqa'i'a al-Masriya''".<ref>Tripp (ed.), p. 2; Amin, Fortna & Frierson, p. 99; Hill, p.&nbsp;172.</ref>

By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South America, published newspaper-type publications though not all of them developed in the same way; content was vastly shaped by regional and cultural preferences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055609/newspaper|title=Newspaper |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |access-date=21 February 2012}}</ref> Advances in printing technology related to the [[Industrial Revolution]] enabled newspapernewspapers to become an even more widely circulated means of communication, as new printing technologies made printing less expensive and more efficient. In 1814, ''[[The Times]]'' (London) acquired a printing press capable of making 1,100 impressions per hour.<ref>Philip B. Meggs, ''A History of Graphic Design'' (1998) pp 130–133</ref> Soon, this press was adapted to print on both sides of a page at once. This innovation made newspapers cheaper and thus available to a larger part of the population.