Mode of transport: Difference between revisions

Animal-powered transport is the use of [[working animal]]s for the transport of people and/or goods. Humans may use some of the animals directly, use them as [[pack animal]]s for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in [[team]]s, to pull watercraft, [[sled]]s, or wheeled [[vehicle]]s.wtf

Air transport is the fastest method of transport, Commercial jets reach speeds of up to {{convert|955|km/h|mph}} and a considerably higher ground speed if there is a [[jet stream]] tailwind, while piston-powered general aviation aircraft may reach up to {{convert|555|km/h|mph}} or more. This celerity comes with higher cost and energy use,<ref name="guardian.co.uk">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/8477508 Swine flu prompts EU warning on travel to the US]. ''The Guardian.'' April 28, 2009.</ref> and [[Environmental impact of aviation|aviation's impacts to the environment]] and particularly the global climate require consideration when comparing modes of transportation.<ref>[http://www.dft.gov.uk/stellent/groups/dft_aviation/documents/divisionhomepage/029650.hcsp ''The Future of Air Transport White Paper'' (2009), HMSO] "The aviation industry is encouraged to take account of, and where appropriate reduce, its contribution to global warming...The impact of aviation on climate change is increased over that of direct CO<sub >2</sub> emissions alone by some of the other emissions released and their specific effects at altitude".</ref> The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) estimates a commercial jet's flight to have some 2-4 times the effect on the climate than if the same CO<sub >2</sub> emissions were made at ground level, because of different atmospheric chemistry and [[radiative forcing]] effects at the higher altitude.<ref name="IPCC">[http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/index.htm IPCC, ''Aviation and the Global Atmosphere: A Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' (2000), Cambridge University Press]</ref> U.S. airlines alone burned about 16.2 billion gallons of fuel during the twelve months between October 2013 and September 2014.<ref>[http://www.chron.com/news/texas/article/Why-airfare-keeps-rising-despite-lower-oil-prices-5898333.php Why airfare keeps rising despite lower oil prices] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120120619/http://www.chron.com/news/texas/article/Why-airfare-keeps-rising-despite-lower-oil-prices-5898333.php |date=2014-11-20 }}, by Scott Mayerowitz, Assoc. Press Airlines Writer. Houston Chron., November 17, 2014.</ref> WHO estimates that globally as many as 500,000 people at a time are on planes.<ref name="guardian.co.uk"/> The global trend has been for increasing numbers of people to travel by air, and individually to do so with increasing frequency and over longer distances, a dilemma that has the attention of climate scientists and other researchers,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=S. |last2=Higham |first2=J. |last3=Cavaliere |first3=C. |year=2011 |title=Binge flying: Behavioural addiction and climate change |journal=Annals of Tourism Research |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=1070–1089 |doi=10.1016/j.annals.2011.01.013 |url=http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/239157/3/Cohen%2CHigham%26Cavaliere.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=S. A. |last2=Higham |first2=J. E. |year=2011 |title=Eyes wide shut? UK consumer perceptions on aviation climate impacts and travel decisions to New Zealand |journal=Current Issues in Tourism |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=323–335 |doi=10.1080/13683501003653387 |s2cid=154791383 |url=http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/239161/1/Cohen___Higham_CIT_Eyes_wide_shut_1_.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=K. |last2=Bows |first2=A. |year=2008 |title=Reframing the climate change challenge in light of post-2000 emission trends |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |volume=366 |issue=1882 |pages=3863–3882 |doi=10.1098/rsta.2008.0138 |pmid=18757271 |bibcode=2008RSPTA.366.3863A |s2cid=8242255 }}</ref> the press,<ref>Jenkins S. (2009). [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/dec/22/blame-for-winter-travel-chaos/ Hypermobility is now the opium of the people, an obsession that wrecks communities and planet]. The Guardian. 22 Dec. 2009.</ref><ref>Rosenthal E. (2010). [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/may/24/kick-addiction-flying/ Can we kick our addiction to flying?] Guardian, UK. 24 May 2010.</ref> and the World Wide Web.<ref>Internet search for [https://www.google.com/search?&q=travel+addiction travel addiction].</ref> The issue of impacts from frequent travel, particularly by air because of the long distances that are easily covered in one or a few days, is called [[Hypermobility (travel)|hypermobility]] and has been a topic of research and governmental concern for many years.