Content deleted Content added
Restored revision 1187927603 by Rodw (talk): Please check Template:Cite web and Wikipedia:Verifiability. |
m template fixed. Tag: Disambiguation links added |
||
Line 42:
== Relations to other languages ==
== Relations to other languages ==
In terms of grammar, genetics, linguistics and vocabulary Zazaki is closely related to [[Talysh language|Talysh]], [[Old Azeri language|Old Azeri]], [[Tati language (Iran)|Tati]], [[Sangsari language|Sangsari]], [[Semnani language|Semnani]], [[Mazandarani language|Mazandarani]] and [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] languages spoken on the shores of the Caspian Sea and central Iran.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=Ehsan Yar-Shater |title=Iranica Varia: Papers in Honor of Professor Ehsan Yarshater |date=1990 |publisher=E. J. Brill |isbn=90-6831-226-X |location=Leiden |page=267}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://iranicaonline.org/|title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica|first=Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=Foundation|website=iranicaonline.org|accessdate=20 May 2023}}</ref> Prof. Dr. [[Ludwig Paul]] demonstrated that Zazaki is closely related to [[Old Azeri]], [[Talysh language|Talysh]] and [[Parthian language|Parthian]] (an extinct northwestern Iranian language), shares many similarities with these languages<ref>Paul, L. (1998). The position of Zazaki among West Iranian languages. Old and Middle Iranian Studies, 163-176.</ref> and does not have universal Kurdish vowel changes.<ref>Elfenbein, J. (2000). Zazaki: Grammatik und Versuch einer Dialektologie. By Ludwig Paul. pp. xxi, 366. Wiesbaden, Reichert Verlag, 1999. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 10(2), 255-257. p. 255</ref> According to linguist Prof. Dr. [[Joyce Blau]], Zazaki is a separate language and the history of Zazaki is older than that of Kurdish, some of the Zazaki and Gorani speakers have been assimilated by the Kurds, but not all.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dersimnews.com/kirmancki/2013-01-25/zazaca-kurtcede-daha-eski-bir-dildir|title=Zazaca Kürtçe'den Daha Eski Bir Dildir|work=Dersim News|date=25 January 2013|access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siverekhaber.com/siverek/zazaca-kurtce39den-cok-daha-eski-bir-dil-h3610.html|title=Zazaca Kürtçe'den çok daha eski bir dil|website=siverekhaber.com/|access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Bozbuğa |first=R. |date=2014 |title=Unknown people; Zazas |journal=Akademik Hassasiyetler |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=50–68 |doi= |mr=}}</ref> Zaza is linguistically more closely related to [[Talysh language|Talysh]], [[Tati language (Iran)|Tati]], [[Semnani language|Semnani]], [[Sangesari]], [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] and the [[Mazandarani language|Mazandarani]].<ref name="auto"/> Due to centuries of interaction, [[Kurmanji language|Kurmanji]] has had an impact on the language, which have blurred the boundaries between the two languages.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Garry |first1=Jane |title=Facts About the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present |last2=Rubino |first2=Carl R. Galvez |date=2001 |publisher=H. W. Wilson |isbn=0-8242-0970-2 |location=New York |page=398}}</ref> This and the fact that Zaza speakers are identified as ethnic [[Kurds]] by some scholars,<ref>{{Cite web |last=van Wilgenburg |first=Wladimir |date=January 28, 2009 |title=Is Ankara Promoting Zaza Nationalism to Divide the Kurds? |url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=34423&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=458&no_cache=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204085803/https://jamestown.org/program/is-ankara-promoting-zaza-nationalism-to-divide-the-kurds/ |archive-date=2021-12-04 |access-date=2015-11-27 |website=The Jamestown Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaya |first=Mehmed S. |title=The Zaza Kurds of Turkey: A Middle Eastern Minority in a Globalised Society |publisher=Tauris Academic Studies |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-84511-875-4 |location=London |page=5}}</ref> has encouraged some linguists to classify the language as a Kurdish dialect.<ref>According to the linguist Jacques Leclerc of Canadian "Laval University of Quebec, Zazaki is a part of Kurdish languages, Zaza are Kurds, he also included Goura/Gorani as Kurds {{Cite web |title=Turquie : situation générale |url=http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/asie/turquie_1general.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928055837/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/asie/turquie_1general.htm |archive-date=2012-09-28 |access-date=2012-10-28 |website=tlfq.ulaval.ca |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="meb1">{{Citation |last=T.C. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı, Talim Ve Terbiye Kurulu Başkanlığı |title=Ortaokul Ve İmam Hatip Ortaokulu Yaşayan Diller Ve Lehçeler Dersi (Kürtçe; 5. Sınıf) Öğretim Programı |date=2012 |url=http://ttkb.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2012_09/11051949_kurtce_ortaokul_5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021231736/http://ttkb.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2012_09/11051949_kurtce_ortaokul_5.pdf |place=Ankara |language=tr |archive-date=2012-10-21 |mode=cs1}}, "Bu program ortaokul 5, 6, 7, ve 8. sınıflar seçmeli Kürtçe dersinin ve Kürtçe’nin iki lehçesi Kurmancca ve Zazaca için müşterek olarak hazırlanmıştır. Program metninde geçen “Kürtçe” kelimesi Kurmancca ve Zazaca lehçelerine birlikte işaret etmektedir."</ref>
The formation of these consonants, which form the basis of the historical evolution of languages and the classification in language groups, is almost the same in Zazaki as in [[Talysh language|Talysh]], [[Tat]] (Harzandi), [[Sangesari language|Sangesari]], [[Vafsi dialect|Vafsi]], and some central Iranian languages. Zazaki, here, forms a belt of northwestern Iranian languages with
<ref>Language of Azerbaijan. Transactions of the philological Society, 53(1), 157-177. s. 175.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
Line 55 ⟶ 56:
![[Talyshi language|Talyshi]]
|-
|"to go" ||
|-
|"to come"||
|-
|"to say" ||
|-
| "to see" ||
|-
|"to do" ||
|-
|"I go" || ez šina || e šeni || men šunem || men šenden/ez
|}
Zazaki, along with [[Tati language (Iran)|Tati]], [[Talysh language|Talysh]], and some northwestern dialects, has strongly preserved its West Iranian Proto-Indo-European consonant roots and is quite distant from Persian and Kurdish. While Zazaki, along with [[Talysh language|Talysh]] and [[Tati language (Iran)|Tati]], remain at the westernmost part of the western Iranian languages, Persian and Kurdish are positioned at the easternmost part:<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.azargoshnasp.net/languages/zazaki/zazakipositionof.pdf |title=The Pozition of Zazaki the West Iranian Languages |last=Paul |first=Ludwig |publisher=Open Publishing |date=1998|website=Iran Chamber |access-date=December 4, 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Proto Indo-European'''
|'''Part'''
|'''[[Old Azeri|Azeri]]/[[Tati language|Tati]]{{efn|Harzandi}}'''
|'''Zazaki'''
|'''[[Talysh language|Talysh]]'''
|'''[[Semnani language|Semnani]]'''
|'''[[Caspian languages|Caspian lang./dial.]]'''
|'''Central dia.'''
|'''Balochi'''
|'''Kurdish'''
|'''Persian'''
|-
|'''*ḱ/ĝ'''
|'''s/z'''
|'''s/z'''
|'''s/z'''
|'''s/z'''
|'''s/z'''
|'''s/z'''
|'''s/z'''
|'''s/z'''
|'''s/z'''
!'''h/d'''
|-
|'''*k<sup>u</sup>e'''
|'''-ž-'''
|'''-ž-'''
|'''-ĵ-'''
|'''-ž'''
|'''-ĵ, ž-'''
|'''-ĵ-'''
|'''-ĵ-, ž, z'''
|'''-ĵ-'''
|'''-ž-'''
!'''-z-'''
|-
|'''*g<sup>u</sup>e'''
|'''ž'''
|'''ž (y-)'''
|'''ĵ'''
|'''ž'''
|'''ĵ,ž'''
|'''ĵ'''
|'''ĵ, ž, z '''
|'''ĵ'''
|'''ž'''
!'''z'''
|-
|'''*kw<sup>29</sup>'''
|'''?'''
|'''isb'''
|'''esb'''
|'''asb'''
|'''esp'''
|'''s'''
|'''esb'''
|'''?'''
!'''s'''
!'''s'''
|-
|'''*tr/tl'''
|'''hr'''
|'''(h)r'''
|'''(hi)r'''
|'''(h)*r'''
|'''(h)r'''
|'''r'''
|'''r'''
!'''s'''
!'''s'''
!'''s'''
|-
|'''*d(h)w'''
|'''b'''
|'''b'''
|'''b'''
|'''b'''
|'''b'''
|'''b'''
|'''b'''
!'''d'''
!'''d'''
!'''d'''
|-
|'''*rd/*rz'''
|'''r/rz'''
|'''r/rz'''
|'''r/rz'''
|'''rz'''
!'''l/l(rz)'''
!'''l/l'''
!'''l/l(rz)'''
!'''l/l'''
!'''l/l'''
!'''l/l'''
|-
|'''*sw'''
|'''wx'''
|'''h'''
|'''w'''
|'''h'''
!'''x(u)'''
!'''x(u)'''
!'''x(u), f'''
!'''v'''
!'''x(w)'''
!'''x(u)'''
|-
|'''*tw'''
|'''f'''
|'''u'''
|'''w'''
!'''h'''
!'''h'''
!'''h'''
!'''h(u)'''
!'''h'''
!'''h'''
!'''h'''
|-
|'''*y-'''
|'''y'''
|'''y'''
!'''ĵ'''
!'''ĵ'''
!'''ĵ'''
!'''ĵ'''
!'''ĵ (y)'''
!'''ĵ'''
!'''ĵ'''
!'''ĵ'''
|}
| |||